Figurative Language

Constituents of ‘Kuwing’ Oil From Irvingia Gabonensis

Constituents of ‘Kuwing’ Oil From Irvingia Gabonensis Dynamic Kuwing oil separated from Irvingia gabonensis seed pound fermentated more than 6 days in AgoiIbami people group, Nigeria, was examined for it’s basic oil constituents. Both the new seed and the ferment’s oil removes were examined for unsaturated fats, natural acids and basic oils, utilizing GC and GC-MS techniques for examination. Six (6) unsaturated fats: Oleic, Linoleic, Stearic, Lauric, Behenic acids were found in the two examples, while Mystiric was discovered uniquely in the aged product.Five(5) natural acids constituents Citric, Glycolic, Oxalic, Malic and Tartaric acids were recognized in boththe new seed and the age. While fifty one (51) synthetic compounds were recognized as volatiles or basic oils ,the primary constituents are ÃŽ ± - Pinene, Carene, Trans-Ocimene, ÃŽ ±-Terpinene, Cis-Limonene Oxide, Perillaldehyde, Nootkatone, Germacrene-D, and Bornol,about 75% of the oil and nineteen (19) of the distinguished volatiles answerable for flavor and smell, making up to 43% of the oil. Catchphrases: Essential oils, Irvingiagabonensis, Ferment, Constituents, Kuwingoil. Presentation In most punctual occasions, Irvingiagabonensis (of simaronbaceae family) was sourced from the tremendous virgin woodland. At that point, natural products were permitted to age and drop from the tree top before they were hand-picked and for the most part, trackers gave data on the amount of organic products on ground. Introductory drops were viewed as the organic products â€Å"testing the ground†. As the amount of natural products on ground expanded, authorities were alarmed by trackers. Whoever found the natural products first, claimed them. No family heredity claims Irvingiagabonensis trees developing in virgin woods. In any case, with deforestation, a few trees would now be able to be found in auxiliary woodlands. The organic products were never collected from the tree in any case, when they have dropped from the tree they are expected developed. With increment advancement of non-timber backwoods items for agro-ranger service, the quantity of irvingia trees’ manors are on the ascent. When gathered, the natural products were stored against trunks of large trees to spoiled for de-pulping. After which, the seeds/nuts were separated open to extricate the palatable cotyledons. Increment request and market development for irvingia cotyledon for culinary uses because of alluring income has driven not exclusively to reaping the organic products from tree trunks yet in addition parting new fruitsto get the cotyledons. The cotyledons are typically prepared into an assortment of items utilizing diverse handling strategies. Generally, aging procedure is utilized in the planning of various items, one of which is ‘itugha’ from irvingiavargabonensis (Ekpe, O.O,2007). Sun drying additionally improves the nature of shrubbery mango seeds and this characteristic give appealing costs for the sun-dried cotyledons. Modernization has unfavorably influenced the planning and usage of ‘Itugha’ and this age-long supplement rich food (Ekpe et al,2007) seems, by all accounts, to be step by step vanishing from the network dietary. Conveyance of ‘Itugha’ is generally constrained to the top relatives and dear companions, which consistently brought about offense among those not all that supported in its dispersion. Regardless of the high food esteem normally positioned on this food thing, it is quick getting wiped out. To enhance its use, ID of auxiliary items having different utilizations can extend and empower itscommercial creation and industrialization. Despite the fact that the food estimation of any food item is a proportion of its healthful possibilities, estimated by it’s concoction composition.Safety indicators,the level of food toxicants just as bioavailability of the supplements are additionally significant (Agube, 1991). Different utilizations of constituents in an item can be as significant as it’s food esteem. In that capacity, distinguishing basic oil constituents of itugha can advance it’sother non-food usage just as it’s food employments. Basic oils are any class of exceptionally unstable natural mixes found in plants.Chemically, fundamental oils are incredibly mind boggling blends containing mixes of extremely major practical gathering class like terpenes, isoprenoids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones and phenols. Basic oils have three essential business utilizes; as odorants in scents, cleansers, cleansers and different items: as flavors in prepared merchandise, confections, sodas and different nourishments: and as pharmaceutical in dental items and numerous meds. ( Britannicaconcised reference book, Aroma Web). A great many people utilize fundamental oils for their remedial impacts as they will in general leave advantageous microbes flawless while murdering the pathogens or for their scent alone. BuchbauerJirovetz(1994) distributed an incredible study on the employments of basic oils as medicament. Studies have demonstrated that microorganisms don't procure protection from basic oils as they do with anti-toxins and plant fundamental oils are likewise known for their antimicrobial activitye.g. basic oils of Dacryodisedulis-African pear (Obameet at 2008). Today when such huge numbers of ailments and microscopic organisms are getting impervious to anti-infection agents, the restorative impacts of fundamental oils and their resistant boosting capacities might be exactly what we have to investigate. Basic oils can be distinguished in all the cells of the body 21 minutes after application. Fundamental oils are assigned and characterized by the plant species and some of the time land area( McGraw-Hill Science Technology Encyclopedia). Kuwing oil created from seeds of Irvingiagabonensis pummeled and aged more than 6 days and warmth treated for 2 days, is examined for it’s basic oil structure. The estimation of non-timber woods items lies in their utilization as an advantageous food gracefully, as a wellspring of nutrients, as snacks during chasing and assembling attacks in the hedge, as refreshments, building materials, ranch and kitchen devices and in the support of conventional rituals and diversions (Alexandaretal, 1994). A key component of the Irvingia study has been the social occasion and documentation of indigenous information on the species to grow the extent of accessible data on its conceivable usage and application.. As far as we could possibly know, no writing data is accessible on fundamental oil organization of‘kuwing oil’ fromIrvingiagabonensis. Along these lines this investigation would notwithstanding, investigating antecedent mixes in new odourlessirvingiagabonensis seed, feature constituents of kuwing oil for its usage prospects in industry particularly for non-food purposes. The new seed is unscented, boring and without season. Macerating/beating, heat treatment and maturing squashed seeds in charge conditions produces smell and flavourin the crush. This is known to expands its acknowledgment in the food business and activities potential usage prospects in the non-food industry. In this paper we are detailing the synthetic organization of fundamental oils of ‘kuwing oil’ removed from irvingiagabonensis seed. This examination will cover recognizable proof of potential forerunners of flavor mixes for example unsaturated fats and natural acids from new irvingia seeds and the volatiles or basic oils constituents, of kuwing oil, from heat treated matured irvingiagabonensis seed crush. MATERIALS AND METHOD New Irvingiagabonensis seeds was processed with the plant unit of a National blender, Model MX 495 for six (6) days under controlled condition. After each day’s processing, the pound was wrapped withPiper umbellantum leaves. This was to recreate the continued processing under controlled conditions, that is vital for the creation of an aged customary spread from I. gabonensis called ‘itugha’ . Oil trickle from this mature is the ‘Kuwing’ Oil. The unsaturated fat substance of new Irvingia seed and Kuwing Oil test were resolved utilizing the strategy for International research facility (1993). In this technique, the examples were first separated with petiether to expel the slickness in the examples. The lipid separates were Methylated and the methyl esters of the individual unsaturated fats in the dissolvable parts were broke down by gas-fluid chromatography. A 250ml cup was gauged( wo), 5g of test quantitatively weighed into a fat extraction thimble and 250ml oil ether filled the recently gauged carafe containing against knocking chips. A soxhlet extractor into which the thimble with its substance had been brought was then fitted into the round base cup and the extraction mechanical assembly mounted on a warming mantle. The substance of the jar were warmed and extraction process proceeded for around 15 hours. Toward the finish of extraction, oil ether in the round base jar was refined off the slick concentrate with the sox hlet and the little amount at last dissipated off in a water shower at 500c. The jar and the fat concentrate were at long last dried in a tourist circulating broiler at 1000C, cooled in a desiccator and gauged (w1) Methylation of Fat Extract i.The fat example were warmed for 2 hours under a current of nitrogen at 80-900C with 4%sulphuric corrosive in methanol. ii.After cooling and the expansion of refined water, iii.the coming about methyl esters were removed a few times into hexane. iv.The consolidated concentrates were dried over sodium carbonate and anhydrous sodium sulfate (in a dessicator). v.The dissolvable part was then diminished in volume by a surge of nitrogen. Gas-Liquid Chromatography Each methylated oil tests were broke down by gas-fluid chromatography on a Carlo Erba gas chromatograh 5160 Mega arrangement, furnished with a shimadzu information processor C-R3A utilizing the accompanying trial conditions: (a)Glass hairlike segment 25m x 0.32mm i.d covered with SE 52. (b)Column temperature 600C (c)Injector and locator temperature 2800C. (d)Carrier gas-hydrogen about 0.40 Kgcm-2 (e)Injection mode-split finder F ID (Field particle desorption). (f)Identification of mixes †reten

What Is a Developmental Psychologist

What Is a Developmental Psychologist Student Resources Careers Print Is a Career as a Developmental Psychologist Right for You? Learn More About This Career Opportunity By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Steve Debenport / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Developmental psychologists study the human growth and development that occurs throughout the entire lifespan. This includes not only physical development but also cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality, and emotional growth. These professionals play an important role in adding to our understanding of how people change throughout life, help address developmental concerns, and work to offer assistance to children and adults facing developmental problems. Why the Work of Developmental Psychologists Is Important The study of human development is important not only to psychology but also to biology, anthropology, sociology, education, and history. Developmental psychologists help us better understand how people change and grow and then apply this knowledge to help us live up to our full potential. Why is the study of development so important? Developmental psychologists are able to use their knowledge to look at how people mature and the different factors that influence this change and growth. By understanding the typical rates at which people mature and the specific things that typically take place at each stage, psychologists can better identify when children and adults may need special assistance or intervention.   While children tend to follow certain patterns of development, all people reach certain milestones at their own pace. Some children learn to walk before they turn one, for example, while others may take until around 15 or 16 months. The knowledge provided by developmental psychologists allows professionals and parents to understand whats typical, but also to watch for potential problems that might require some type of assistance or intervention. What Developmental Psychologists Do The specific tasks performed by developmental psychologists may vary somewhat based on the specialty area in which they work. Some developmental psychologists focus on working with a specific population  such as developmentally delayed children. Others specialize in studying a particular age range such as adolescence or old age. Some of the tasks that a developmental psychologist might do include: Evaluating children to determine if they have a developmental disabilityInvestigating how language skills are acquiredStudying how moral reasoning develops in childrenExploring ways to help elderly individuals remain independentResearching infant developmentStudying treatments for developmental issues associated with the aging process Where Developmental Psychologists Work Developmental psychologists can work in a wide range of settings. Some work in educational settings at colleges and universities, often conducting research on developmental topics while also teaching courses. Others may work in government agencies to help assess, evaluate and treat individuals suffering from developmental disabilities. Other possible areas of employment include assisted living homes for the elderly, teen rehabilitation clinics, centers for the homeless, psychiatric clinics, and hospitals. How Much Developmental Psychologists Earn Average salaries for developmental psychologists can vary based on training, geographic location, and work setting. According to Salary.com, the median earnings for developmental psychologists were between $69,007 and $90,326 a year for 2009. The highest ten percent of earners made more than $101,088 per year. The Occupational Outlook Handbook reports the following median salaries for individuals working in the following settings where developmental psychologists are frequently employed: Hospitals, local and private -  $81,430Offices of other mental health practitioners other than physicians - $70,470Elementary and secondary schools, state, local, and private - $71,300Government - $90,620Individual and family services - $59,910 Payscale.com suggests that the average annual salary for developmental psychologists was $66,491 as of February 2018. How Much Does a Psychologist Make? Training Needed to Become a Developmental Psychologist While there are limited employment options at the master’s degree level, those holding a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in developmental psychology will find the greatest range of employment opportunities. Individuals with a doctorate degree can teach at the university level, and can be employed in private practices, hospital, mental health clinics, and rehabilitation centers. In most cases, students start by earning an undergraduate degree in psychology. They may then continue on to earn a master’s degree followed by a doctorate, or they may go straight from an undergraduate degree into a PhD program. Job Outlook for Developmental Psychologists According to the U.S. Department of Labor, job growth among psychologists is expected to occur at an average rate over the next decade. The demand for professionals to assess, evaluate, diagnose and treat students with mental, developmental and emotional issues may help spur a need for developmental psychologists. The Occupational Outlook Handbook suggests that The growing number of elderly will increase the demand for psychologists trained in geropsychology to help people deal with the mental and physical changes that occur as individuals grow older. There also will be an increased need for psychologists to work with returning veterans. A Word From Verywell Developmental psychologists have made major contributions to our understanding of how children and adults change and grow all through life. While we often think developmental psychology focuses primarily on childhood, many important events take place as people grow older. By gaining a better understanding of these processes, psychologists are able to provide better prevention and treatments for developmental concerns that might affect a persons well-being at various points in life.

A Typology Of Fashion Violence Essay - 1692 Words

Busch, Otto Von, and Ylva Bjereld. â€Å"A Typology of Fashion Violence.† Critical Studies in Fashion Beauty 7.1 (2016): 89-107. Web. In the article published by research journal Intellect, Otto Von Busch, a professor of the New School of Design, and Ylva Bjereld, a doctorate of the University of Gothenburg, discuss the effects that fashion has on people. In this article, â€Å"fashion is examined as an everyday site for establishing social distinctions, where violence in the form of microaggressions and bullying is masked by the apparent superficially and innocuousness of clothing† (Busch 89). It also speaks on how fashion is used as a form of self satisfaction, and wearing certain clothes can make a person feel good about themselves. Furthermore, these individuals harass and degrade others who wear clothing that differ from theirs, which is also another form of self satisfaction. This article provides information as to what might cause a teenager to follow trends. It goes in-depth into the aspects of bullying, why it occurs, and how it can affect everyone around them. It also discusses how the victims feel after getting bullied and this can later on be used as a cause and effect chain, where bullying is the cause and the effect is somewhere on the lines of the victim trying to conform to society and fit in so he would not have to go through torment and bullying again. An important part of my research paper is trying to figure out whyShow MoreRelatedPsychological Motive For Committing Stranger Rape Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pagesstranger rape. Researchers examined 85 cases of stranger rape occurring between the years of 1997 and 2002, focusing primarily on evidence of planning and sexual violence. Planning included items brought to the crime scene by the offender, such as a rape kit and disguise and sexual violence was considered aggressive if excessive physical violence was used to subdue and control the victim. Goodwill and Alison (2007) found that planning and sexual aggression were significant predictors of the offender’sRead MoreSerial Killers : What Makes Us Kill? Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pageswhat a serial killers mind is like, why serial killers are so popular in American pop culture and, the basic fascination and interest in serial killer cases and, review basic facts and ideas of how we can stop or try to limit cases of serial killer violence and crime, through studies and research. Covering a range of historical, medical and, scientific views in a wide variety of cases and findings, the goal is to expan d on the ideas and theories of what causes people to become serial killers. WhatRead MoreThe Sociology of Love, Courtship, and Dating4568 Words   |  131 Pagesexasperated answer that you â€Å"just know† when you are in love is reflected in the body of sociological literature on the phenomenon. Sociologists do not seem to agree on a uniform definition, although there are several competing but complementary typologies that attempt to pin down those emotional and behavioral states that add up to romantic â€Å"love.† Love scholarship can be roughly divided into two philosophical camps: (1) that which argues love must have certain components to be genuine, for instanceRead MoreKing Leopold II and Joseph Stalin1720 Words   |  7 Pagesgo on to rule over absolutely. However, both of the them would use fronts to advance their own agendas, King Leopold II established a holding company to acquire the Congo, while Joseph Stalin became the head of the ruling political party through violence and intimidation. In the pursuit of Leopold’s dream of becoming a world power he set his sights on foreign land that he could colonize. After many unsuccessful attempts in both Africa and Asia he found a way. Establishing a holding companyRead MorePolice Corruption And Justice2796 Words   |  12 PagesThis essay will look at police corruption and how it represents a significant threat to miscarriages of justice. This essay is going to look at the four-part typology of police corruption and misconduct. Furthermore this essay will look at the constant factors that there are contributing to police corruption and misconduct. This essay will also look at the ways in which the police are able to measure the amount of corruption that there is within the policing organisation. The essay will also lookRead MoreEssay about The Myth of Rape Culture in America3167 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"Rape is as American as apple pie,† says blogger Jessica Valenti. She and other feminists describe our society as a â€Å"rape culture† where violence against women is almost invisible. According to feminists, films, magazines, fashion, books, music, and humor cooperate in conveying the message that women are there to be used, abused and exploited.(Kitchens, 2015) Rape culture, which was coined as a culture during the second wave of feminism during the early 1970’s and was, according to the encyclopediaRead MoreMans Dark Nature in Film Essay examples2223 Words   |  9 Pagesthe first films to use a musical theme to suggest the characters drive and impulses and this was influenced by the opera traditions (Wikipedia). As the characters are driven to violence by their impulses, society takes revenge for their monstrous actions and so in a mob-like mentality that is very much in a fashion of the Salem-Witch hunts in the early 15th century, they are hunted. Both Whale and Lang use piercing close-ups and point of view shots to suggest that the real monsters of the filmsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pagesout to Victor, his wife and his son in the play One for the Road, and the act of prohibiting the mountain people from speaking their own language in the play The Mountain Language are some of the manifold instances of abuse of power and the use of violence to tame the individuals who are termed as ‘abject’1 by the state owing to their very nature of threatening and opposing the authority and superiority of the state’s subject position. It can be observed that in the portrayal of the setting of theRead MoreWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 Pagesin the last year. †¢ Other common activities were threatening or frightening people (40% of those in delinquent youth groups reported that their group had done this), graffiti (36%); breaking, damaging or destroying things (31%) and using force or violence (29%)† (Home Office report 2004). The financial implication of youth crime is one of the biggest concerns for the government. There is a high cost to society not only in terms of the consequences of crime (e.g. value of property stolen, physicalRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 Pageslearn criminal beliefs that define such acts as required, good, or permissible. For Hirschi, people go into crime because they fail to internalize conventional beliefs to the degree needed to control them from succumbing to the seductions of vice, violence, or thievery. ASSESSING SOCIAL BOND THEORY Since its publication in 1969 in Causes of Delinquency, Hirschi’s social bond theory has been one of the most, if not the most, tested theories in the field of criminology (Kempf, 1993). Results from the

The Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality

Collins approaches the beliefs of misconceptions already existent towards multi social groups’ underlying different issues mostly affecting African Americans. These issues highlighted by Collins include, â€Å"a set of ideas and social practices shaped by gender, race, and sexuality that frame Black men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how African Americans are perceived and treated by others† (p.7). These ideas encapsulate a false understanding of the issues surrounding the persecutions the black community undergoes frequent. The notion of Black sexual politics addresses many connotations influencing behaviors as well as analyzing the reasons as to what affects explain the Black injustice created within our social structure. Furthermore, Collin does express how these perceptions created from gender, race, and sexuality not only affects the black community but also impacts other interracial injustices. These arguments affect a larger portion of so ciety relative to: â€Å"Puerto Ricans, indigenous people, Haitian, Chicanos – as well as issues concerning poor health, homelessness, joblessness, and so on† (Collins p.13). This interracial component relates to global phenomena acknowledging these exploitations that affect society, nevertheless as a reader of Collins theories, she invites us to comprehend the actions and analyze our position within these issues. Other, components that relate to Black sexual Politics are the political structure and mass media. The developmentShow MoreRelatedThe Search For One’S Purpose And Identity In The World1421 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the constructs of social misconceptions, manifested in the form of stereotypes. As organisms that instinctively seek belonging and acceptance by a group, as individuals, not submitting or rebelling against established social cues could endanger someone to persecution or even isolation. Therefore, to prevent the antagonism of others, stereotypes--mostly false misperceptions and expectations of specific groups of people, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, etc.--exist to avoid socialRead MoreStereotypes and Misconceptions of Paganism Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes and misconceptions are mainly false assumptions and beliefs about different cultures and groups. The reason as to why stereotypes and misconceptions exist is because many individuals Stereotypes are basically oversimplified images or ideas used to describe the gender, nationality or even nature of a certain type of person. While some stereotypes are humourous, they can also provide a negative impact upon their targets. Misconceptions, on the other hand, are false and rude accusationsRead MoreRape Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesLolita Walker Intro to Women’s Studies Dr. David Magill March 11th 2013 The Misconceptions and Realities of Rape Why do people rape and what do rapists earn from committing this crime? Is it the pleasure of seeing someone in fear, or pain, or is it the pleasure of their screams? I will never know the answer to these questions. All I know is that rape is beyond immoral and depraved, and is a serious crime. Rape is a very strong word and often makes people feel really uncomfortable talking about itRead MoreNarrative Essay on Bisexuality835 Words   |  4 Pagesto the people around who are gay or bisexual.Bisexuality is the understanding that you can be attracted physically and emotionally to either gender at some point. It does not equate that you will be involved with two person at a time either to have sex with both gender at the same to be happy or satisfied. The â€Å"b† word brings a lot of misconceptions, beliefs, understanding and judgments.Is being bisexual by choice or it is genetically transferred? Some says that it is by choice while others believedRead MoreHorrific Treatment Women In The Middle East. Spring 2017.1718 Words   |  7 Pagescomes in different ways, and different causes. However, they all lead to dehumanization of the individual. These discrimination problems are usually problems that date way back in time. For example, the labeling of women as the weaker sex, or the gender that must make all the emotional decisions in the house is dehumanizing for them. Segregating women is a social problem, and this problem is more aggressive in some parts of the world. As of matter of fact, women in the entire world have been theRead MoreFeminism Is Not A Dirty Word1039 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept that women are equal to men. The misconceptions and stereotypes of feminism have led people to ignore and ridicule the importance of the feminist movement. The feminist movement is not just solely limited to proving that women are equal to men, we’re also busy killing the patriarchy, slaying misogynists, fighting the battle for women of color, activel y promoting LGBTQ rights, and educating people of what we’re really all about. How did the misconceptions of feminism come to be when it soundsRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination And Common Sense1648 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of examples to explain the topic of sexuality. Sexuality is an issue that has been widely discussed and has often been misunderstood by society. It has often been a misconception by members of the heterosexual community that all lesbians want to be men. Through applying common sense, it can be understood why people may think gay women want to be men when looking in on the lesbian community, some lesbians prefer to express themselves and their sexuality through the way they dress and act; theirRead More Intersecting Factors: Race, Gender and Sexuality in Immigration 2433 Words   |  10 Pageshere? Why did they come? Many of these questions can be answered when considering how race, gender, and sexuality affect immigration. Immigration means something to different to everyone and for some it forced, while for others, it is a choice. For some it means pursuing the â€Å"American Dream,† for others it may be breaking away from political and religious persecution, but nonetheless, it is always a test. Gender roles, relatio ns and inequalities affect who migrates and why, how the decision is madeRead MoreFemisim, Sexual and Gender Equality1153 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism/Gender and Orientational Equality Even though many say that the idea of allowing same sex would be against Gods will, and that women are also the lesser sex of the two binary genders, as well that it is unnatural for people to be transgender, everyone, regardless of gender (binary or otherwise) and Sexual/Romantic orientations, deserves equal rights in all cases. Because in only seventeen of fifty states, homosexual couples have marriage rights. This leaves thirty-three states with thoseRead MoreCambodia: A Place of Countless Struggles1545 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor belief that contributes to the rise in child trafficking and objectification is the Cambodian misconception that AIDS can be cured by virginity. Ignorant men believe that sex with a virgin will rid them of this terrible disease, so they search the brothels for children. Since so many young women are sold into slavery, men look specifically for children as young as 3 years old, to be certain of their virginity. According to an article written to inform ot hers of this completely false belief, â€Å"The

Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline and the Kurdish Issue Free Essays

Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline and the Kurdish Issue The Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline links the Caspian sea to the Eastern Mediterranean, it runs 1, 768 km long and is the second longest oil pipeline in the former Soviet Union, extending through the former Soviet republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as Turkey. At its capacity it can pump up to 1 million barrels (160,00 m3) of oil per day. The construction of the pipeline was a massive undertaking costing upwards of US$3. We will write a custom essay sample on Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline and the Kurdish Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9 billion. This considered the pipeline was funded 70% by third parties (dominated by British Petroleum). Even well before it’s completion the BTC pipeline has had a remarkable effect on the world’s oil politics; some critics have gone as far to argue that it has directly affected the geopolitics of the Palestinian conflict. One can clearly see the important monetary reasons to this pipeline, however what will be dealt with more in this essay will be it’s contributions to world politics and the controversies that surround it. The BTC pipeline is nothing short of an engineering feat, extending almost exactly 1, 768 km across extremely difficult terrain and diverse climatic and geological zones; techniques and chemical coatings which may have worked perfect for one region had to be changed for others. What sets the BTC pipeline apart though is how this ambitious undertaking affects the myriad communities and millions of citizens, making the pipeline not only an economic undertaking but also a socio-political issue. The South Caucasus, formerly an underappreciated region of Russia, is now of extreme strategic significance; the US along with many other Western powers have vested interests in the affairs of these three nations through which the pipeline runs. The BTC pipeline bypasses the territory of the Russian Federation. It transits through the former Soviet republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia, both of which have become US â€Å"protectorates†, firmly integrated into a military alliance with the US and NATO. It goes without saying that the pipeline is all about the oil, but it is equally about the social and civic development of the participating countries. In order to properly discuss the social and environmental issues of the BTC project, one must first have an adequate frame of reference from which the project can be judged. There are many principles which one can use including those outlined by the World Bank. However for the purposes of this paper, the Equator Principles will be used. The EPs are a set of principles – outlined by Citigroup, ABN AMRO, Barclays and WestLB – are a voluntary set of principles for determining social and environmental risk in project financing. The Principles, adopted by seventeen leading private banks, specify that said Banks would only provide loans to projects, which meet a number of conditions. These conditions include that projects comply with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) policies, that they follow the host country laws, among other specific requirements. A review in 2003 examined the BTC pipeline; this paper will examine the Turkish section of this review (while many of the same systemic failures were found just as well in Azerbaijan and Georgia). Based on a rigorous study of the BTC project documents, and also on two international FACT finding Missions to the pipeline route, this review found that BTC project is in breach of five EP-referenced IFC standards on 127 accounts. These sections include: 53 counts in Environmental Assessment; 7 counts in Natural Habitats; 30 counts in Indigenous Peoples; 28 counts in Involuntary Resettlement; 9 counts in Cultural Property The study also found that the project was in breach of international standards such as World Bank standards, European Union Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment, European Bank of Reconstruction amp; Development. This would be a massive undertaking to properly examine all of the claims made against the BTC project, so focus will instead be put in three areas: Natural Habitats, Indigenous Peoples, and Involuntary resettlement. In doing so this paper will examine the example given by the Kurdish community of Turkey. The Kurds are an example of a nation without a state; they are an ethno-linguistic group without any central state. They comprise 18% of the Turkish population (an estimated 14 million). When establishing the pipeline, Turkey strategically rerouted the pipeline away from the heavily Kurdish areas and the South-East; that being said much of the pipeline still runs through areas that require heavily armed guarding. When looking at the EP section Impacts and indigenous peoples and communities (chapter 8), the project scored a non-compliance stating that â€Å"the impacts on indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities not considered at all (notably the Kurds)†. The Kurds, an ethnic minority of the region, can apply for OD 4. 0 (Indigenous Peoples rights, section 8. 3), however when BTC co. overlooked this to speed the construction process along they broke not only the Equator principles but also the World Bank principles. Specifically the BTC project has failed to ensure that the Kurds benefited from this project, and failed to ensure that the Kurds were adequately informed about the project prior to it’s completion. Also the project did not even attempt to dr aw up an ethnic minorities’ development plan (which would include schooling funding among other social programs). Operational Directive 4. 30, Involuntary Resettlement, sets out the requirements for resettlement and adequate compensation for land acquisition. Fact-finding missions outlined in the EP document emergency powers had been used to override OD 4. 30. In many cases displacement occurred before compensation was complete, and when compensation was given the rates were too low. None of the communities were informed of their rights in regards to the land expropriation. Much of the criticism coming from the consultation process of the BTC co. s interesting however, because the project did put in place comprehensive public consultation and disclosure processes commencing in mid-2001 with a process of stakeholder identification and preliminary consultation during project scoping; information briefs and consultations with local authorities and local NGOs followed very shortly after this. On the IFC website, the claim is made that they were informed that the members of the Kurdish communities al l were fluent in Turkish. As a result of this mistreatment of the Kurdish communities, which the pipeline passes through, many Kurdish militant groups have taken to sabotaging the pipeline. The Kurdish workers party (PKK) has publicly taken credit for much of this sabotage. However there was no mention of whether they adequately explain (in Turkish of Kurdish) their rights with regards to land expropriation. As a result one can see that BTC is making the bare minimum of effort required to the Kurdish communities; they claim that they are meeting with the members of the community and yet there still seems to be opposition with pipeline sabotage. Some have argued that this is just an attempt to discredit the Turkish state and bring attention to their nationalist causes in regards to Kurdistan. Regardless of hich, the BTC project has not adequately equipped these communities with the means to consult with these large firms. Much of the political tension arising from the pipeline is a direct result of the lack of environmental accountability. At 1 million barrels a day, the amount of CO2 produced in a year is equal to an entire power industry in the UK. The region of Turkey that the pipeline runs through historically is prone to major earthquakes, and there has not been adequate preparation for this. The BTC project is suffering these problems because of a complete disregard to these standards, but rather seemingly because of a rushed approach. Couple the Kurdish issue with the evident disregard for any form of environmental accountability along with many other problems found in the two ex-soviet countries not mentioned in this paper and the project is simply not sustainable. If adequate structures are not put in place to allow for public dissent, the BTC is doomed to continually suffer sabotage to their pipelines. This is perhaps not such a problem from the perspective of BP, who clearly can afford this expense; it is however an embarrassing light to be shone on Turkey. If for no other reason, Turkey should be pressing for changes in the BTC structure. How to cite Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline and the Kurdish Issue, Papers

Tribunals of Inquiry in Northern Ireland Essay Example For Students

Tribunals of Inquiry in Northern Ireland Essay Introduction Many countries have faced situations in which their citizens demand accountability for injustices or atrocities committed by their own domestic governments, which are in violation of their human rights. The manner in which varying nations have provided for and acknowledged these facts, on their various public platforms, have been both controversial and diverse. These problems tend not to fade into obscurity if left unaddressed. History has dictated that struggle for truth has been adopted by subsequent generations, who demand responsibility from their own government in power as, in many cases, the events will have occurred at the hands of a preceding government. We will write a custom essay on Tribunals of Inquiry in Northern Ireland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The passing of time has illustrated that the quest for truth does not dissipate but can cause emotions to escalate and heighten the resolve of the aggrieved parties. Commentators suggest that establishing truth about the past is a precondition for preventing the recurrence of abuses in the future. This paper submits, in extension to this theory, that it is an essential ingredient in the desired passage towards restoration in public confidence and synonymous to the concept of justice in this modern legal world. The focus of this question is specifically the model of Tribunal of Inquiry which is governed by Section 1 of the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 , which is the legislation used to handle inquiries involving an official element, and truth commissions, the alternative model that has been internationally adopted, largely as a result of military agitation or liberation coups. This paper will also touch upon inquiries hosted in other countries. Public inquiries themselves are rare and, this paper suggests, much resisted events, indeed Northern Ireland has borne witness to just three such inquiries under the aforementioned Act. These were the Scarman Inquiry in 1969, followed by the Widgery Inquiry in 1972, , the unsatisfactory outcome of which gave rise to the Saville Inquiry in 1998. Countries such as South Africa, Sierra Leone and Argentina, among others, have had their human rights redress distinctively characterized by the construction of truth commissions . Whether this type mechanism would be more conducive to the pursuit of truth, in matters of vast public concern within the context of Northern Ireland, is a matter for this paper to explore. The Character and Necessity of Inquiries Walsh states that an inquiry of this nature can be established under the Act where it is resolved by both Houses of Parliament that it is expedient that a tribunal be established for inquiring into a definite matter described in the Resolution as of urgent public importance and continues to point out that The Tribunals value lies in its capacity to persuade the public that the full facts have been established and generally assist in restoring public confidence in the integrity of government. Inquiries may be held where one of three sets of events arise. This may be an occasion where the facts require public investigation, in that they are unknown but of immense public concern. Secondly, when the facts of an event are disputed, with conflicting versions of events which need to be reconciled, this will give rise to grounds for inquiry. Thirdly, and a theme common to truth commissions, is where the facts are known and have come to be accepted on a mass public level but still continue to be denied on an official level. These inquiries are designed to be transparent on a public capacity, thus they do not sit in private under the provisions of the Act. The role of the inquiry is characteristically inquisitorial although critics, notably of the Saville Inquiry, have suggested that there has been an overlap into adversarial practices in this case, in particular regard to examination of witnesses backgrounds, in the context of their lives both prior to and following 30th January 1972, as being relevant to the matter at hand. How individuals have conducted their lives in the years following Bloody Sunday appears completely remote to why unarmed civilians were shot at the hands of state bodies, in the view of this paper. .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b , .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .postImageUrl , .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b , .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:hover , .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:visited , .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:active { border:0!important; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:active , .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdf71a69be7b96b4b1d0ae855b14017b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: LaptopsPalm(99) EssayTribunals of this kind have all the powers of the High Court, whereby they require witnesses to attend and require documents to be produced. These .

Women Involvement in Business

Women Involvement in Business Abstract If evolution of man really occurred, then probably it took place in the business side of life and the way people carry it out. In the earlier years, the business sector was dominated by men, from the small scale businesses to large scale multinational organizations. This could have been the ‘stone age ‘of the business life characterized by male dominance in all the business sectors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Women Involvement in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At that time the preserve of women was the home and minor positions in the business arena. Women were perceived incapable of handling serious business matters, and were a bit sidelined in this area. This period was followed by the enlightenment era in which women began to realize the great potential and the influence on business environments that they posses. It is in this era that women started taking up senior positions i n business and transforming the organizations they work for. Women’s involvement in business has become a major issue that has raised mixed reactions from different corners of the business world. Women’s participation in business has seen the rise of great heroines like Vera Wang and Gail Kelly, who have made permanent marks in the male dominated business world. This paper discusses the issue of women in business and how it affects the way business is done at present. Women involvement in business has been an issue that has raised much debate and reactions from different corners of the world. Some perceive it as boost to business, while others see it as a barrier to commercial progress. In either of the perspectives, women involvement in business is a major issue associated with undertaking trade in the world today. This paper discuses how this issue affects businesses in today’s world. Definition and Description Women have been running businesses for quite a lo ng time without any serious recognition being accorded to them. The lack of recognition came because they worked in the invisible side of the business, which is behind their husbands. The only time they could rise was when their husbands had passed away or when they were forced by circumstances to do so. A number of factors in today’s world have contributed to the visibility of women in the business world. As more women joined the workforce in the recent past, they gained more professional and managerial experience and skills needed to rise to top positions in firms (Duff, 1993, p. 45).Advertising Looking for report on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of recent, the trend has changed and we can see a lot of women coming to the limelight, with majority of them taking up challenging positions in the business world. Positions like chief executive officer, presidents, among others are now no longer reserves for the male gender. In earlier years the female folk dominated business sectors like the fashion and trends, and food sectors but of recent they have moved into men dominated domains like engineering and construction. Unlike men who enter businesses for growth opportunities and profit making, women join this world to meet personal goals like acquiring the feelings of accomplishment and achievement among others (Laurie, 1990, p. 34). Women tend to consider financial success as confirmation and proof that their ability is bearing proof rather than a motivation for joining business. Areas of Business Affected The issue of women in business has raised various reactions from various corners of the business world, specifically the areas where this issue has become a disadvantage rather than an advantage. There has been a trend of women taking up managerial positions in many organizations, and though this number is still low, the trend is growing gradually (Walsh Heppner, 2006, p. 461). Women in management positions account for thirty three percent of those in administrative posts and forty percent of those in professional related occupations (Davidson Burke, 2000, p. 224). Another area in which the issue of women in business is evident is the increasing number of female entrepreneurs. The number of women entrepreneurs has been increasing since the 1990s in which there were over six million female entrepreneurs in the United States alone (Davidson Burke, 2000, p. 234). It is estimated that by the onset of the twenty-first century, women will make up of fifty percent of the self employed American population. Women have owned businesses for years, but most of them have been working side by side with their spouses, and that is the reason their efforts have not been recognized. Despite working as employees, a number of women are leaving the employment field for self-employment due to number of factors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Women Involvement in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These factors include discrimination against women more so in larger companies, sexual harassment, and the need to balance family and career life. Some women find entrepreneurship as the ideal solution to juggle the competing demands of family and career, in the case of single women this venture is a means of keeping poverty at bay (Silver, 1994, p. 56). Women entrepreneurship has further been facilitated by the sharing of responsibilities of taking of children in the household by both partners. It is no longer a trend in which the woman is left with all the child caring and house management issues as the man goes out to bring food for the family. This has further relieved the woman of some roles and given her much time to endeavor in business ventures. Further to this, the modern day law tends to promote equity and equality providing opportunities for women to excel in such f ields just like their male counterparts. Another sector of business that is seeing an increase in women representatives is the managerial side or the boardroom issues of organizations. The number of female heads is still insignificant especially in the third world nations, but many of them are gradually earning such positions. This aspect has further been propelled by the issues of gender equality and affirmative action, for example the Norwegian quota system of its state law proposes a forty percent female representation of the board members in any company (Vinnicombe, Singh, Burke, Bilimoria, Huse, 2008, p. 81). Women representation and influence in the board meetings has affected decision making and has a touch of ‘professionalization’ in the whole process depicted by more comprehensive and formal meetings (Vinnicombe et al., 2008, p. 120). Problems Associated Women involvement in business has presented some of the most unusual problems, and some have cost some comp anies millions in terms of revenues. Despite the fact that governments are fighting for an increased number of women representation in boardrooms, there is a great need for some decisions to be left to the male executives of the company.Advertising Looking for report on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though researchers have proved that women are better managers than men, there is need for the decision making to be left to the men. There could be isolated cases where women are good excellent decision makers, but the bigger portion of the pie suggests otherwise. Some of these problems include: Decline of Profits A greater women representation in companies boardrooms has a brought a positive effect on gender representation in the company at the expense of the company’s profits. Recent research shows that employing more women in boardrooms can destroy a company’s financial performance, since female directors focus more on getting rid of underperforming male executives, which could make the company less profitable (Koster, 2009, p. 1). This research further shows that companies having greater female representations in their boardrooms are less profitable with lower market values. Women are prompt at attending the board meetings and have a better record than their male c ounterparts, and in fact their traits could profit a badly-run company. On the contrary, these traits could negatively affect the well-governed companies. Lack of Authority The female folk generally lack the authoritative personality that their male executive counterparts possess. There are more focused on personal experiences, family, among other issues. Managers are fundamentally authoritative people, and are required to dictate the rules and the structure in order to manage the subordinates effectively. Incompetence The proposal by affirmative action to increase women representations in boardrooms has led to the employment of incompetent persons, in an attempt to fulfill the demands imposed by the law (Dodenhoff, 1997, p. 10). Incompetence is brought in by the fact, that employing unqualified women for the posts leads to declines in corporate governance, for example the Norwegian move to raise female representation in boardrooms by forty percent has led to an average of twenty pe rcent drop in corporate governance in the firms that brought in the new and relatively inexperienced female folks (Crumley, 2010, p. 8). Obtaining Financing for Entrepreneurs The female entrepreneurs normally face bigger challenges when it comes to obtaining financing as compared to men. In the recent past, women have faced discriminations when it comes to receiving loans for business ventures. Though this barrier is being lifted, it is still experienced in the third world countries and under-developed economies. Gender Discrimination Gender discrimination is evident in that women can only dominate certain businesses seen as feminine. Case Study The following are two case studies concerning women in business, including Gail Kelley and Vera Wang. Gail Kelley has managed to rise in ranks and transform the Australian Banking industry and has managed to become a force in the male dominated executive boards by becoming the first woman to head a public corporation in Australia. The next w oman is Vera Wang, an entrepreneur of a kind in the fashion and design business segment. She is known for her wide collection of wedding and bridesmaid gowns in America. Gail Kelley Gail Kelly is a successful Australian business woman, born in Pretoria South Africa in the late 1950’s. Currently, she is the chief executive officer of the prominent Australian bank, called Westpac and the first female executive officer of a major bank in Australia (Swanepoel, 2008, p. 21). Gail started off her career as a teacher in Zimbabwe after clearing her university studies in 1974, and then moved to South Africa with her husband where she continued with her teaching job. She was introduced to the banking industry by his father through his own connections and immediately she became a teller at the Nedcor Bank, which was South Africa’s fourth largest bank at that time. Through the bank’s training programs, she managed to climb the career ladder to several higher ranks. After ta king a year leave to do her MBA, she was appointed as the human resource head at Nedcor, and still rose to higher ranks and held various general manager positions at this bank. After moving with her family to Australia, she became the general manager of strategic marketing at the Commonwealth Bank, and eventually the CEO of St. George Bank in January 2002. She become the head of St. Georges Bank after the then chief executive passed away, leaving the position vacant. Her good performance and success at Commonwealth Bank made her a hot cake for this position, which she took over before moving on to where she is at the moment. At St. Georges Bank, Kelly managed to increase the profitability level, and increased the levels on return of assets, removing the bank from a takeover target in which it had fallen into. She further increased this bank’s capitalization by three billion dollars, making the bank to extend her contract indefinitely and give her a key pay rise. Her success a t this bank earned her the best financial services executive awards in two consecutive years;: 2003 and 2004. Four years later, she resigned from this bank to head Westpac, which later took over St. George Bank (Swanepoel, 2008, p. 21). In her time and with her impact, St. Georges Bank has become very profitable that it was earlier. Currently, Gail Kelly is the highest paid woman in Australia, the first woman CEO of Westpac, and the thirty second most powerful female in the world according to Forbes ranking of 2011. She is also the first woman to ever head one of Australia’s fifteen largest corporations. What is fascinating about her is the speed within which she rose to top positions from a mere teacher to the head of Australia’s fifth largest bank. She credits her reasons of success to giving every task the great attention it so much deserves, and creating an environment where each individual can do his best by creating teams of people who love working together. She further says the secret of success is not being motivated by money, ego or power, but instead achievement and achieving quality outcomes. This case study is about women involvement in the leadership of business organization, and their involvement in the boardrooms. I found it while doing my research about the influence of women in the business sector. It talks about one woman who has outdone many to dominate the men dictated executive positions. She is one woman who has transformed the banking business industry, and has lifted her organization from a muddy miry to profit haven. What made Kelly rise to these ranks occurred one day while she was still a teacher in Zimbabwe, when she became so much frustrated and disappointed by the students. Somehow, she had allowed the stress in the school interfere with her life and take away her happiness. Despite being married, she was still sad, and it is only after realizing that she can change her life and situations for better did she make a m ove to join the banking industry. It was doing what she loved most that mattered to her, and this aspect is what propelled her to success. Apart from this realization, she also gained from the banks training programs and her MBA, which gave her an upper hand during the period when major changes were taking place in the banks. Some of the challenges and problems that Kelley faced was the guerilla war and the effects of the apartheid rule, which they successfully managed to overcome. Moving to a new environment and country also provided a healing effect to overcome the problems that were manifesting themselves. Vera Wang Vera Wang is an American of Chinese origin, an excellent entrepreneur, and an excellent fashion designer widely known in New York, where she is based. Whenever her name; which is also her logo, is mentioned a wider variety of wedding gowns and bridesmaids gowns, jewelry, and other decors can be seen. She is known for her simple and contemporary designs which have ador ned many brides which has been her mark in the bridal fashion industry. This great female entrepreneur was born and brought up in the city of New York, with her Chinese parents of Shanghai origin in the late 1940s (Dakers, 2010, p. 15). While studying at high school she took training as figure skater as one of her co-curricular activities. She loved this game so much and often took part in number of competitions in the United States. After failing to make it to the United States Olympics team, she decided to drop this sport and join the fashion industry. Joining the fashion industry was a big decision to make, since she had a passion for ice skating, being forced to drop it for the sake of her studies depressed her. She then departed to paris, from where she developed the passion of fashion (Dakers, 2010, p. 15). In the fashion industry she got employed by Vogue, where she worked as senior fashion editor for around sixteen years (Dakers, 2010, p. 34). After being turned down the pos ition of an editor-in-chief she decided to leave this firm to join Ralph Lauren for the next two years before opening up her own design salon. Her shop dealt with trademarks and bridal gowns as the main product. Her presence in the fashion industry has seen her soar high after making wedding gowns for public figures like Chelsea Clinton and Campbell Brown among others. She was inspired to start up a bridal salon, while she was searching for the perfect dress fit for her wedding. She spent three months searching for the dress in several departmental stores and bridal salons. She failed to get thee dress that matched her preference and eventually she hired a dressmaker to create her dream gown which cost her ten thousand dollars. This experience became her inspiration for her new business endeavor. Later in 1990 after letting the business idea wait for nearly two years as they tried to get children, being newly wed, her father offered her financing so that she could launch her busines s right away. After receiving this initial capital, she opened up shops in New York and started her bridal business. In a bid to attract more customers she used colors and a lot of innovative ideas in her dresses and the use of illusion netting in her gowns which became her trademark. Eventually Wang’s vision has expanded beyond bridal attires, to ladies’ and men’s fragrance, designing mattress sets, and clothing for handbags, among others. Some of the problems and challenges that Wang’ faced include she had to wait for more than two years after getting married to his husband Becker since he wanted children. During this period she was on infertility drugs in an attempt to get pregnant, after getting married at forty years of age. Another challenge was the lack of financing, which forced her father to come to her rescue and offered her financial backing. She also had to fight the negative image that the fashion press had branded her, despite brides loving her dresses. The fashion press perceived her to be an insider to the fashion industry and due to this it was said that she was receiving special treatment. Summary The major issue that this paper was discussing was the involvement of women in business, which has raised various reactions from various corners of the world. In some places it has been positive, and in some isolated instances it has led to great regrettable losses. The specify areas where the influence of women has been seen in both positive and negative perspectives include the entrepreneurship aspect and the boardroom issues. As from the two case studies of Vera Wang and Gail Kelley, women too can achieve much in the corporate world. When women are given the support needed from the family and from fellow male employees they can produce the best of the best. Some of the problems that have been identified from women’s involvement in these two areas include: Decline of profits due to meddling with the executive le adership Lack of authority leading to poor coordination of subordinates Problems of obtaining finances due to gender bias Gender discrimination and sexual harassment Incompetency due to employing unqualified women To curb such problems the following solutions can be effective: Since women have proved effective in bringing up poorly managed companies, they should hold such positions in such companies. Only qualified and experienced women, irrespective of the affirmative action requirement should be employed to hold executive positions. Conclusion The issue of women in the workplace is a modern day trend, and it is there to stay. Man has moved from the days of male dominance to a cosmopolitan world where the women are called into the decision making boards. This paper has looked at some of the problems associated with the issue of women in business, it also has a case study of two successful women, and it has further provided solutions to the problems associated with women in busin ess. References Crumley, B. (2010, Apr 26). Boardroom revolution. Time Magazine. Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1982304,00.html Dakers, D. (2010). Vera Wang: A passion for bridal and lifestyle design. St. Catharines, ON: Crabtree Publishing. Davidson, M., Burke, R. J. (2000). Women in management: Current research issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Dodenhoff, D. (1997). Affirmative action has negative consequences. The Business Journal, 4, 9-15. Duff, C. (1993). When women work together. Berkley, CA: Conari Press. Koster, O. (2009, Aug 8). Why ‘meddling’ women in the boardroom can wreck a company’s profile. Daily Mail. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205014/Why-meddling-women-boardroom-wreck-companys-performance.html Laurie, Z. (1990). On your own: A women’s guide to building business. Chicago, IL: Upstart Publishing. Silver, A. D. (1994). Enterprising Women. New York, NY: Amacom. Swa nepoel, S. (2008). Swanepoel trends report 2008. Laguna Niguel, CA: RealSure Publishing. Walsh, W. B., Heppner, M. J. (2006). Handbook of career counseling for women. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Vinnicombe, S., Singh, V., Burke, R. J., Bilimoria, D., Huse, M. (2008). Women on corporate board of directors: International research and practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

The Grimké Sisters, Abolitionists From South Carolina

The Grimkà © Sisters, Abolitionists From South Carolina The Grimkà © sisters, Sarah and Angelina, became leading activists for the abolitionist cause in the 1830s. Their writings attracted a wide following and they drew attention, and threats, for their speaking engagements. The Grimkà ©s spoke out on the highly controversial issues of slavery in America at a time when women were not expected to become involved in politics. Yet the Grimkà ©s were no mere novelty. They were highly intelligent and passionate characters on the public stage, and they presented a vivid testimony against slavery in the decade before Frederick Douglass would arrive on the scene and electrify anti-slavery audiences. The sisters had particular credibility as they were natives of South Carolina and came from a slave-owning family considered part of the aristocracy of the city of Charleston. The Grimkà ©s could criticize slavery not as outsiders, but as people who, while having benefited from it, ultimately came to see it as an evil system degrading to both masters and slaves. Though the Grimkà © sisters had faded from public view by the 1850s, mostly by choice, and they became involved in various other social causes. Among American reformers, they were respected role models. And there is no denying their important role in conveying abolitionist principles in the early stages of the movement in America. They were instrumental in bringing women into the movement, and in creating within the abolitionist cause a platform from which to launch a movement for womens rights. Early Life of the Grimkà © Sisters Sarah Moore Grimkà © was born November 29, 1792, in Charleston, South Carolina. Her younger sister, Angelina Emily Grimkà ©, was born 12 years later, on February 20, 1805. Their family was prominent in Charleston society, and their father, John Fauchereau Grimkà ©, had been a colonel in the Revolutionary War and was a judge on South Carolinas highest court. The Grimkà © family was very wealthy and enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle which included the owning of slaves. In 1818, Judge Grimkà © became ill and it was determined he should see a doctor in Philadelphia. Sarah, who was 26, was chosen to accompany him. While in Philadelphia Sarah had some encounters with Quakers, who were very active in the campaign against slavery and the beginnings of what would become known as the Underground Railroad. The trip to a northern city was the most important event in her life. She had always been uncomfortable with slavery, and the anti-slavery perspective of the Quakers convinced her that it was a great moral wrong. Her father died, and Sarah sailed back to South Carolina with a newfound belief in ending slavery. Back in Charleston, she felt out of step with local society. By  1821 she had moved to Philadelphia permanently, intent on living in a society without slavery. Her younger sister, Angelina, remained in Charleston, and the two sisters corresponded regularly. Angelina also picked up anti-slavery ideas. The sisters had inherited slaves from their father, which they freed. In 1829 Angelina left Charleston. She would never return. Reunited with her sister Sarah in Philadelphia, the two women became active in the Quaker community. They often visited prisons, hospitals, and institutions for the poor, and had a heartfelt interest in social reforms. The Grimkà © Sisters Joined the Abolitionists The sisters spent the early 1830s following a quiet life of religious service, but they were becoming more interested in the cause of abolishing slavery. In 1835 Angelina Grimkà © wrote an impassioned letter to William Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionist activist, and editor. Garrison, to Angelinas surprise, and to the consternation of her older sister, published the letter in his newspaper, The Liberator. Some of the Quaker friends of the sister were also upset at Angelina having publicly announced a desire for the emancipation of American slaves. But Angelina was inspired to continue. In 1836 Angelina published a 36-page booklet titled An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South. The text was deeply religious and drew upon Biblical passages to show the immorality of slavery. Her strategy was a direct affront to religious leaders in the South who had been using scripture to argue that slavery was actually Gods plan for the United States, and that slavery was essentially blessed. The reaction in South Carolina was intense, and Angelina was threatened with prosecution if she ever returned to her native state. Following the publication of Angelinas booklet, the sisters traveled to New York City and addressed a meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society. They also spoke to gatherings of women, and before long they were touring New England, speaking for the abolitionist cause. Popular On the Lecture Circuit Becoming known as the Grimkà © Sisters, the two women were a popular draw on the public speaking circuit. An article in the Vermont Phoenix on July 21, 1837 described an appearance by The Misses Grimkà ©, from South Carolina, before the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. Angelina spoke first, talking for nearly an hour. As the newspaper described it: Slavery in all its relations - moral, social, political and religious was commented upon with radical and stern severity - and the fair lecturer showed neither quarter to the system, nor mercy to its supporters. Still she did not bestow a title of her indignation upon the South. The Northern press and the Northern pulpit - Northern representatives, Northern merchants, and the Northern people, came in for her most bitter reproach and most pointed sarcasm. The detailed newspaper report noted that Angelina Grimkà © began by talking about the active slave trade conducted in the District of Columbia. And she urged women to protest the governments complicity in slavery. She then spoke about slavery as a broadly based American problem. While the institution of slavery existed in the South, she noted that northern politicians indulged it, and northern business people invested in businesses which depended on slave labor. She essentially indicted all of America for the evils of slavery. After Angelina spoke at the Boston meeting, her sister Sarah followed her on the podium. The newspaper mentioned that Sarah spoke in an affecting manner about religion, and ended by noting that the sisters were exiles. Sarah said she had received a letter informing her she could never again live in South Carolina as abolitionists would not be allowed within the states borders. Theres little doubt the sisters would have been in peril had they visited South Carolina. In 1835 abolitionists, sensing it was too dangerous to send emissaries into the slave states, began mailing anti-slavery pamphlets to southern addresses. The pamphlet campaign resulted in sacks of mail being seized by mobs in South Carolina and the pamphlets being burned in the street. Controversy Followed the Grimkà © Sisters A backlash developed against the Grimkà © Sisters, and at one point a group of ministers in Massachusetts issued a pastoral letter condemning their activities. Some newspaper accounts of their speeches treated them with obvious condescension. In 1838 they stopped their public speaking, though both sisters would remain involved in reform causes for the rest of their lives. Angelina married a fellow abolitionist and reformer, Theodore Weld, and they eventually founded a progressive school, Eagleswood, in New Jersey. Sarah Grimkà ©, who also married, taught at the school, and the sisters kept busy publishing articles and books focused on the causes of ending slavery and promoting womens rights. Sarah died in Massachusetts on December 23, 1873, after a long illness. William Lloyd Garrison spoke at her funeral services. Angelina Grimkà © Weld died on October 26, 1879. The famed abolitionist Wendell Phillips spoke of her at her funeral: When I think of Angelina there comes to me the picture of the spotless dove in the tempest, as she battles with the storm, seeking for some place to rest her foot. Sources Veney, Cassandra R. Abolitionism.  New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz, vol. 1, Charles Scribners Sons, 2005, pp. 1-4Byers,  Inzer, Grimkà ©, Sarah Moore.  American Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide from Colonial Times to the Present:  A Critical Reference Guide from Colonial Times to the Present, edited by Taryn Benbow-Pfalzgraf, 2nd ed., vol. 2, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 150-151.Byers, Inzer, GrimkÉ (Weld), Angelina (Emily).  American Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide from Colonial Times to the Present:  A Critical Reference Guide from Colonial Times to the Present, edited by Taryn Benbow-Pfalzgraf, 2nd ed., vol. 2, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 149-150.

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Cultural Event Report - Essay Example As announced, the exhibits during that particular day include: Read My Pins: The Madeleine Albright Collection; the Yves Saint Laurent: The Retrospective; Focus: Earth & Fire; Garry Winogrand: Women Are Beautiful; and Blue & White: A Ceramic Journey; among 22 events. There were two building in the premises: the North Building that housed the main museum, which is a seven-storey structure. Likewise, another building, the Frederic C. Hamilton Building house additional collections of the museum. Both architectural structures are forms of art in themselves as they used innovative styles and are uniquely designed. The Yves Saint Laurent: The Retrospective exhibit started on March 25, 2012 and would run until July 8, 2012. It showcased a remarkable collection of haute couture garments, photographs, drawings, and films that exemplify the evolving years of Saint Laurent as a designer. The way the garments, photographs, and memorabilia were presented was just magnificent and is highly indicative of the quality and excellent image that Saint Laurent has exuded through the years. The collection entitled The Dior Years were simply breath-taking in sublime perfection and beauty. Four haute couture garments were showcased in grey, black, white and red; in styles that embody timelessness. Likewise, in another showcase, The Shock of Colors, was equally awe-inspiring as the narrow room was apparently lined from floor to ceiling in a rainbow of fabric swatches, where the walls are covered with pages reportedly taken from Saint Laurent’s old notebooks. The merging of these swatches with the garments displayed effectively delivered the message to the viewing audience. There were still various designer pieces, such as the ‘Paris Rose’, the long evening dress in black and draped with pink satin ribbon on the bodice which was the centerpiece of the exhibit. All these magnificent displays represent years of artistic designs that are being shared

Lies my teacher told me- James Loewen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lies my teacher told me- James Loewen - Essay Example He says, â€Å"Some books go way beyond omitting the actor and leaving out the act itself† (Loewen 25). This paper shall seek to explain the key reasons as to why Loewen think that history textbooks used in the high school curriculum are giving students a raw deal. It will also examine the reasons as to why students seem to dislike history classes. Loewen asserts that much of American history isolates children of color in the manner they ignore that those who contributed greatly to the American history were not whites. He goes further to assert that the nature of history textbooks used in American high schools give insufficient information to students. This in turn affects the academic progress of students who join college to pursue History courses (J. W. Loewen). This is because most of the history classes in college are taken up fixing the information that the students acquired in the high school history lessons. He uses his book to analyze the textbook creation and adoption process, as well as explain causes that makes textbooks to turn out to be bad and of low quality. According to Loewen, history is a collection of stories and should not be boring. However, textbook companies have tendencies of leaving out information that reflect badly on the national character. He also connects the boring nature of history to the fact that â€Å"history textbooks do not use the present to illuminate the past† (Loewen). In this regard, students have difficulties comprehending the relevance and significance of history to their daily lives. Loewen also reveals that students dislike history since the subject is viewed as a morality play; thus, touchy areas in the society are not discussed or taught. He says, â€Å"There are three taboos in textbook publishing†¦social class, religion and sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Loewen 34). Loewen asserts that textbooks ignore several historical realities due to many reasons. The main

A Glorious Plan :: essays research papers fc

M@ Hix A Glorious Plan When Germany was under a monetary crisis after having to pay reparations for World War I, people had turned to Adolf Hitler. He made promises of restoring Germany to its original form and many people were willing to support him. However, the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923 had failed and had led to his imprisonment. Here, Hitler wrote a book, Mein Kampf, where he introduced his ideology of Germany, his aims and ambitions. (Giblin, 156) In January 1933, when Hitler was appointed chancellor and soon became sole dictator of Germany. He then put his aims to action. Hitler had three main aims in preparing Germany for war. His first goal was to tear up the Treaty of Versailles, which brought an end to WWI. This treaty blamed Germany for starting the war; it took away large amounts of land, money and materials from her, and cut her armed forces down to a minimum. (Hitler, 135) Hitler’s second aim was to unite all Germans into one single country. As there was millions of Germans scattered in neighboring countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland, these countries would have to be brought under his control. (Ibid, 302) His third aim was to provide Germany with what he called â€Å"lebenstraum† or living space. He said that Germany was overcrowded and did not have enough food or raw materials for her needs. All three of these aims could only be achieved if Germany rearmed, massively increasing her armed forces. (Ibid, 370) Hitler fulfilled these aims by rearming Germany. In 1934, only a year after Hitler had come to power, he gave out a top-secret order for the armed forces to expand. The number was to increase from 100,000 to 300,000 men. The navy was to build two pocket battleships and six submarines. (Bailey, 78) Goering was to create an air force and secretly train pilots in civilian flying clubs. These were all forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. (Kershaw, 147) In 1935, all was revealed when Hitler re-introduced conscription and that the army would be built up to 550,000 men. Three countries, Britain, France and Italy, signed an agreement condemning Hitler’s announcement. But no country took military action to stop this breach of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1936, Hitler ordered his army to march into the Rhineland. The Versailles treaty forbade the German army from going within 50 km of the River Rhine, so Hitler’s order was a deliberate challenge to this treaty.

Case Unilever †Marketing Essay

So, the decision process of buying detergent has become Habitual Decision Making process. 2. 2. Influences on consumer decision making â€Å"There are different factors influences the consumer decision making process. Marketer needs to understand these influences and which ones are important in the purchase process to make effective marketing decision. † (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes, & Mitchell, 2009) 2. 2. 1. Internal Influence Lifestyle, Personality, and Perception are some of the internal influences involved in making the decision to buy the detergent.Lifestyle: As per Case study, the women in Northeast region treat washing the clothes as a pleasure activity and utilise the washing activity to meet and chat with the friends. Since, washing act as an integral part of their lifestyle, decision of purchasing detergent depends on this lifestyle. ? Personality: Personality has strong pressure in Northeast region because the region has implicated by low income which is very much evident in Exhibit 1 on the case study. Infant mortality is high and GDP/capita is low in Northeast region when comparing to other region of Brazil. This personality is directing Northeast people to buy low cost detergent. Hence, the characteristic of personality has crucial impact on decision making.Perception: People in Brazil have expectation when buying the detergent. They have interpreted the detergent in six different attribute and expects these attributes to be attained in the detergent powder. So, perception plays a critical role to make a decision on buying the detergent powder. 2. 2. 2. Social Influence Social Influence like social class and culture will also affect the consumer ecisionmaking process. ? Social Class: As per Exhibit 2 in Case Study, 53% of population in the Northeast region lives on less than two minimum wages when compare to 21% in the Southeast. This shows that more than half of the population was implicated by low wages in the Northeast region. This leads people to think on buying detergent based on their affordable price or living class. So, the social class plays a significant role in making decisio n to buy a detergent in Brazil. ? Culture: As per case study, People in the Northeast and Southeast have differed in symbolic value when it comes to cleanliness. Apart from these main players, the local marketers are giving competitive challenge to main players by capturing low income segment through small retail shops. 3. 1. Unilever and their current strategies ? Until 1996, Unilever’s detergent products had a dominant market share in a low growth market. But in 1996, Unilever has become an outright front runner in detergent powder with 81% of mark share in Brazil which has been achieved with three brands. ? Unilever might have segmented the consumer market in Brazil based on the Demographics. In Brazil, people have different kind of income in different region.

Aids A Global Disaster That Brought A Lot Of Confusion,...

AIDS was a global disaster that brought a lot of confusion, not only among the victims who had contracted it, but also among the major stakeholders in the healthcare sector. While the CDC was busy looking for a possible cure, the government and other sectors remained tongue-tied, since there was hardly anything that could be done to save the lives at that moment. This situation was very chaotic, and created anxiety among the patients. The majority of the victims were the gay males in the United States. Since it was only noticed among them, there were numerous stereotypes that cropped regarding the population which was potentially targeted by the disease. As seen in the documentary How to Survive a Plague, there were many issues cut across†¦show more content†¦They also struggled to streamline the process of testing, where they suggested that it should take between seven to 10 years before it could be placed into the market, to guarantee that proper safety. At this time, ther e was a huge market for HIV drugs, which was answered in the imports from various countries such as France, which were proven to work effectively in slowing down the virus. At this time, the only FDA approved drug was AZT, which was highly expensive, to the tunes of $10,000 annually, and came with side effects such as the risk of becoming blind out of its toxicity. ACT UP’s efforts were repaid with the formation of the International Aids Conference. Also, an alternative drug to AZT was found in DDI, which was less toxic and had no side effects such as blindness. At that moment, there were stringent laws that sought to close off the borders to the HIV positive individuals from other nations. The HIV activists also fought to have these laws repealed. Despite the fight to have treatment of HIV streamlined, there was division in every sense, with issues of sexuality and race painting the picture. Women were excluded socially from active decision-making. TAG, and acronym for the Treatment Action Group, which broke off the ACT UP-NYC was the main body that sought the fast-tracking of the HIV experimental drugs development and testing. The reason for the break-up was that a part of the group was