Understanding The Conflict In Darfur Sudan History Essay

Understanding The Conflict In Darfur Sudan History Essay In the early 2000s, Darfur, located in western Sudan, was in the news. The reason was due to mass killings that took place. Scholars have isolated three predominant reasons for the killings. One being that it was an ethnic issue between the Arab North and the African South. The second being a matter of religion, the North was Muslim while the South was Christian and native religion. The third reason was natural resources and nomadic tribes that resided in the area. Most scholars believed that one or a mixture of the three reasons listed caused the violence in Darfur. This topic was important because hundreds of thousands of people have died and millions displaced due to the conflict. Another reason was due to the fact that the United Nations have not acknowledged that what happened in Darfur was genocide. If they acknowledged that fact, they would have to act. Going back through history could provide the origin of the conflict in Darfur. By doing so, it was possible to see how historians agree or disagree on these issues. Each scholar brought his or her own strength to the debate of what caused the war in Darfur, Sudan. Most of the authors narrowed their argument down to one or two main causes. Whether it was ethnic conflict, religion, land, cultural identity, politics, resources, or a mixture of any of these, each scholar used their research to the best of their ability to explain to the public why their argument best explained the root of what has seemed to be constant warfare. Amir Idris author of the 2005 book Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan, looked at the conflict as being the product of a radicalized state that transformed cultural identities into political identities.  [1]  He stated that this was the cause of the current conflict but he came to this thesis by looking into the past of Sudan. He focused on the enslavement of people as being where these identities emerged. He quoted Douglas Johnson on the Darfur kingdom, established in the seventeenth century AD, and how they raided the southern part of the country.  [2]  Idris continued his slavery argument by showing how in Northern and Central Sudan owning land was having a high social status but tilling ones own land was socially humiliating.  [3]  This was where the importance of slaves came in. Northern Sudan obtained slaves from Southern Sudan through raids.  [4]   These raids focused on the non-Muslim/non-Arab peoples of these states.  [5]  By attacking those who were not Arab or followed the same religion as themselves they used this as social justification for slavery.  [6]  As Northern Sudan continually invaded the South, this undoubtedly would cause tension between North and South Sudan. This also brought forth the basis of Idris argument. With the North constantly raiding the South there was a constant racialized interaction.  [7]  Northern Sudan Muslims claimed they were the descendants of distinguished Arab ancestors.  [8]  Though Southerners eventually converted to Islam, they were not accepted into society because they were African.  [9]  Idris argued that those involved with the slave trade were the ones who came up with the racialized terms.  [10]  By coming up with terms that described those who were not Arab or Muslim as inferior, slave traders could use that as justification for enslaving people. Religion and race tend to go hand-in-hand in Sudan. Idris brought up religion in passing when he stated that Muslims saw themselves as superior to those of the non-Muslim and Arab groups.  [11]  In these societies just because a person was Muslim did not mean that they were safe from enslavement as Idris pointed out.  [12]  Slave raids brought Western Sudan Muslims to the North.  [13]   Amir Idris argument about the fighting in Sudan can be applied to Darfur. Race has often been one of the issues looked at when scholars have investigated the causes behind the war in Darfur. The racial tension brought forth during the slave raids of the 18th and 19th century undoubtedly left scars that would reappear in the early 21st century. The Arab versus non-Arab conflict showed through Idris argument was a possible reason behind the systematic killings that took place in Darfur. In The Worlds Worst Humanitarian Crisis,: Understanding the Darfur Conflict, an article written by Ahmad Sikainge in 2009, he argued that the conflict in Darfur was due to an explosive combination of environmental, political, and economic factors.  [14]  The first area Sikainga explored was the environment. He gave a brief overview of the climate in Darfur. The Northern part of Darfur was vast desert, the South contained rich savanna, and the Central part of Darfur was plateau.  [15]  This striking difference between the North and the South undoubtedly caused tension. For people located in the north to see their southern neighbors with far more natural resources had to cause some feeling of animosity. Sikainge stated in his article that it was not only the vast difference in the climate that was partly responsible for the outbreak of war but also the land system, which brought fourth questions of ownership. He presented the Hakura system, which was the land ownership system established by the Fur Kingdom that ruled until 1874.  [16]  This system revolved around communal land ownership.  [17]  The local chief was responsible for allocating land to members of his group, which they would cultivate.  [18]  The chief of the Hakura would be responsible for settling any disputes that arose.  [19]  However, post-Sudanese independence rulers saw this system as outdated and put forth policies that affected the chiefs authority thus taking away his authority of settling disputes.  [20]   Sikainga highlighted one important cause of conflict was between the Northern Darfur nomads and pastoralists in the South.  [21]  As the climate changed, nomads of the North were forced down into parts of the South where the Hakura system was in place, and any conflict that arose between these two groups were settled locally as was custom.  [22]  However, as stated above post-independence rulers did away with the Hakura system, and the local chiefs were no longer able to resolve conflicts.  [23]   Sikainga, in his article, covered his basis as he also looked into the ethnic conflict that was present in Darfur. He stated that post-colonial government saw many Arabic speaking elites taking high-ranking positions.  [24]  These elites were mainly from the North and Central parts of the country, where the population was mostly Arab, and tried to forge a national identity between Islam and Arabism.  [25]  Sikainga pointed out that this national identity caused a rise in resistance in the non-Arab and non-Muslim South.  [26]   In his article, Sikainga looked at multiple viewpoints as the source of conflict in Darfur. He did not focus on one particular aspect of the conflict but instead he argued that multiple aspects led to the genocide in Darfur. He looked at the environmental issue, land ownership, and race as being explosive causes, each contributing to the conflict in Darfur. In the 2007 book Explaining Darfur: Lectures on the Ongoing Genocide, authors Agnes Van Ardenne-van der Hoeven, Mohamed Salih, Nick Grono, Juan Mendez, and Fouad Ibrahim look into the conflict of Darfur. They went about laying the groundwork with basic information. Once established, they dived into the cause or causes behind the conflict. As the authors of this book pointed out, there seemed to be a fallacy that the fighting was about resources.  [27]   Much like other scholars, these authors looked at race being one the main causes behind the fighting.  [28]  In addition to race, they looked into the heritage of slavery between Arabs and Africans.  [29]  This slavery went back to the 18th century, a topic that Amri Idris addressed in his book. As Arabs enslaved Africans, this caused the creation of an inferiority complex among those of the African ethnic groups.  [30]  The Arabs until recently were semi-nomads who commanded a larger amount of territory than their African counterparts did.  [31]  These authors pointed out that land was another contributing factor for the near constant conflict. For the Arab Janjaweed who attacked African ethnic groups their aim was to expand their territory and power.  [32]   The authors pointed out there were not always conflict between nomads and farmers. They pointed out that farmers, after harvesting their crop would allow nomads to bring in their cattle to eat the residue and fertilize the soil.  [33]  However, as the climate changed pushing the desert further south and with an increase in population, the friendly relationship turned hostile.  [34]  Traditional law once resolved this conflict over land, now the government in charge has turned a blind-eye to the conflict.  [35]   Race and religion have been presented, so far. This was most likely because these two topics are the most explored and researched by scholars. Not only are these two topics most explored but also they are both the most obvious causes to the conflict. It was also perhaps easy to research these two topics as there are more primary sources available. One scholar that went outside of the scope of these two topics in the crisis in Darfur was Fana Gebresenbet. She looked at the climate and environmental factors as being causes of the conflict in Darfur. One reason that the environment was important was due to pastoralism and dry land agriculture in the area.  [36]  In the Darfur states, there has been an irregular but marked decline in rainfall.  [37]  This decline in rainfall would be devastating for pastoralist and those who relied on the land. The area that was suffering from this decline in rainfall was Northern Darfur.  [38]  This decline naturally caused a decline in productivity.  [39]  While the people who lived in Darfur are used to harsh condition the current change in the environment has put strains on the people.  [40]   Two other authors who expanded on the work that Fana Gebresenbet did were Balgis Osman-Elasha and Amin El Sanjak. These authors looked at how droughts in Northern Darfur have driven people into Southern Darfur.  [41]  People of Northern Darfur are mostly Arabs and Muslims, while people in Southern Darfur are mostly African and either Christian or have their own religion. It was not hard to believe that there would be some conflict between these ethnically and religiously different people. Both authors recognized that the conflict was the result of many complex problems but they focused on natural resources.  [42]   As drought became more common, nomads migrated to the wetter parts of Southern Darfur.  [43]  However, as more people moved into the South, the added population put further stress on resources there. Osman-Elasha and Sanjack cited weak institutions and administrative power, because of their late response to the conflict over resources.  [44]  They stated that since the collapse of the traditional administration system, which handled conflicts over resources, it took more time to deal with these conflicts, which allowed them to grow.  [45]  Ahmed Sikainge showed the local administrative system and land ownership was set up during the Fur Kingdom, which existed until 1874.  [46]   Fana Gebresenbet, Balgis Osman-Elasha and Amin El Sanjak looked outside what other scholars have looked at by focusing on the environment and resources. As the environment changed people would undoubtedly have to adapt to the changes. However, with little resources already and with the changes in environment making the situation worse, violence over resources is a good argument into the crisis in Darfur. Sources are important to any scholars research. Other scholars will look at the sources that they decide to use for their research to see where and what types of sources they used. By looking at sources, they can also point out any sources that may be bias to what the scholar argued. A good scholar would try to incorporate sources that went against their argument so that they can disprove what that source argues. The sources that Amir Idris used are mainly secondary sources from scholars who have written on Sudan. The sources that he used backed up his argument. One author that he cited multiple times was Douglas H. Johnson. The reasons that are not many primary sources were because oral tradition was in these areas were widely used in these areas. Muslims did bring written records to the area. However, considering that Muslims were often the ones enslaving people in Southern Sudan, their records might reflect their bias. Ahmad Sikainge much like Amir Idris used secondary sources. The sources that Sikainge incorporated into his article were ones that primarily dealt with race, and the issue of land. Each author that Sikainge used he did so efficiently. He used research from Alex de Waal who has written on the subject of Darfur. The authors of Explaining Darfur: Lectures on the Ongoing Genocide used secondary sources one of which was a report done by the United Nations. What was good about bringing in a report from an international organization was that it is less likely to be biased. They also incorporated maps to show the ethnic groups of Darfur. Scholarly work was important. However, there was always the possibility of bias towards one thing or another. By bringing in work from a supposedly neutral source, they bolster their argument. The sources that Fana Gebresenbet used to show her argument are primarily based on the changing climate in Darfur. While she did use secondary scholarly work, she also incorporated works from numerous organizations. She used multiple reports published by the International Panel on Climate Change to show how the climate in Darfur has changed. Gebresenbet also used work published by the Global Humanitarian Forum and The World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism. She also used a report from the United Nations Environment Programme, another non-governmental organization. Not only did she utilize these reports in her work but she also used graphs to show how the rainfall had decreased in certain areas. These graphs are on many pages throughout her work. Balgis Osman-Elasha and Amin El Sanjak both used secondary sources and works published by non-governmental organizations. Their work focused on the environment similar to Fana Gebresenbet. Non-governmental organizations such as Food and Agriculture Organization, Foundation for Environmental Security and Sustainability, World Meteorological Organization, and African Centre for Technology Studies did some of the reports that Osman-Elasha and Sanjak used in their work. They used multiple reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and United Nations Environment Programme. Much like Fana Gebresenbet, Osman-Elasha and Sanjak used graphs and maps to show how rain decreased while the population in Darfur increased. Scholars presented their argument in a way that made it easy to pinpoint what they were trying to convey. Most of the authors focused in on one or two reasons behind the conflict in Darfur, while other authors looked at broader reasons and incorporated multiple aspects. Each of the books and articles presented has their aspects that build on the understanding of Darfur. However, each book and article has its flaws. In Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan, Amir Idris argued that it was fighting between Arabs and non-Arabs that has caused the conflict. Idris also brought up religion as it built upon his argument. While two aspects undoubtedly caused turmoil in the area, Idris focus was so narrow that he failed to consider that perhaps race and religion are but one of many problems for Sudan. While he did bring up valid points concerning slavery, his failure to broaden his area of focus by not including other possible arguments left his work, while good on points of slavery and the conceptions of race categories, somewhat lacking. Ahmad Sikainges article The Worlds Worst Humanitarian Crisis: Understanding the Darfur Conflict was a good article that outlines multiple aspects of the conflict. Because his focus was not so narrow, he was able to bring in more sources that better round off his argument. He looked at the environment, land ownership and the ethnic conflict as being reasons for the Darfur crisis. It was hard to find any flaws in Ahmad Sikainges article because he was incredibly thorough in covering his basis. Explaining Darfur: Lectures on the Ongoing Genocide authors Agnes Van Ardenne-van der Hoeven, Mohamed Salih, Nick Grono, Juan Mendez, and Fouad Ibrahim looked at race, slavery, land, and the changing climate as causes of the conflict. They covered many topics well. However, they did not look into the matter of religion, which is an important topic in Sudan. Fana Gebresenbet wrote that the environment and climate change was the primary cause of the conflict in Darfur. Because Gerbresenbet focused solely on the environment, she did not bring up other points of view. She did address the importance of the environment to pastoralist as they are tied to the land. However, she based the entire conflict of Darfur on the environment and land issues. While both are important for people who rely on the land for their source of food and income, she does not even address other causes that could have contributed to the conflict. Unlike Gebresenbet, Balgis Osman-Elasha and Amin El Sanjak both recognized that many complex issues contribute to the conflict in Darfur but they focused on natural resources. They do bring in the land system that other scholars have mentioned in their work. While they do not go into detail about the other complex issues, they acknowledged that the feud over land and resources was just a part in conflict. Undoubtedly, many problems contributed to the conflict in Darfur. Some scholars argue that it was ethnic feuding with religious undertones, feuds over limited resources due to changing climate, or land. The written scholarship on the conflict has been extensive. Scholars took their own unique approach to what may have caused the conflict in Darfur. They presented arguments may or may not convince readers of the origins of the conflict. However, they do show the many problems have plagued Darfur and Sudan for centuries. The genocide that was taking place in Darfur will undoubtedly not be resolved until these issues are dealt with.

The Modem :: essays research papers

The Modem First of all I would like to start with an introduction I chose this topic because I thought it would be interesting to learn about how a modem works in a computer. With modem we are able to access the Internet BBS' or Bulletin Board Systems. The MODEM is one of the smartest computer hardware tools ever created. modem is an abbreviation of Modulator De Modulator it is fairly simple to explain; through the telephone lines we are able to send messages between one single computer or a group of computers. The Originating computer sends a coded message to the Host computer which decodes it and there we have the power to access the Internet, talk to other people through terminal programs and retrieve files from other computers. The first patented computer modem was made by Hayes in the early eighties and from there they rapidly developed the first modem speed was 300 baud and from there a 600 baud than 1200 and so on. The fastest modem made today is a 56k which is very fast. Not as fast as ISDN (The Wave offered through Rogers cable) or even as advanced as Satellite modem. Most people now have 14.4 or 28.8 baud modems (Baud is "Slang" for Baud Rate Per Second) the reason for the increase in 14.4 and 28.8's is that they are cheap and fairly recent and haven't gone out of date yet. There are two types of modem external and external modems internal plugs into a 16 bit port inside your computer and external connects through either a serial (mouse)port or a parallel (printer)port most people like the external modems because they don't take up an extra space in your computer (according to PC Computing) prices in modems range price from $100 (28.8bps) to $500(software upgradable 56k). Facsimile machines also have a form of modem in them, usually a 2400baud modem to decode the message. So imagine a world without the modem for a second; NO fax NO Internet NO direct computer communications whatsoever. The three major modem manufactures are Hayes (original modem) US Robotics and Microsoft. In conclusion life today it would be very hard to live without modems some businesses would cease to exist due to ill communications between offices and without modems we wouldn't have videoconfrencing e-mail and other tools we have

Graduation of Jake Moon Essay

In my book Graduation of Jake Moon, Jake is the main character in the book. Jake Moon is an only child Jake Moon was named by his grandfather because his mother was stressed out for the first 2 weeks of him being born. When they moved in with his grandfather he named him Jake not Jacob just Jake. Jake Moon changes by being annoyed, frustrated, and embarrassed to being understanding by his grandfather. Jake changes from being annoyed and frustrated and embarrassed towards his grandfather because his grandfather Skelly got diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Jake gets annoyed with him being forgetful and not knowing who he is. Jake witnesses him being in the dumpster Jake was embarrassed and felt different when he seen his grandfather in the dumpster and 2 eighth grade boys picking on him and asked him if he went to PU University. Jake Moon changes at the end by being frustrated, annoyed, and embarrassed to being understanding towards his grandpa. He helps his grandpa get up in the morning and get dressed. Jake found his wet sheets in the oven when his friend Lucas was over. Skelly put his pajamas in the freezer. Skelly wrote stuff on post it notes and put them all over the house to remember things. What happens at the end is that at Jakes Graduation is Skelly goes up on the stage and then Jake goes off stage and takes his grandfather down to family then goes back up on the stage. That shows how Jake Cares about his grandpa Jake Moon understood at the end of the book compared to the beginning. Jake was better towards his grandfather because of the graduation stuff with his grandfather. Jake cares about his grandpa that he did that but if that happened at the beginning of the book he would of probably sat In his chair like who is that guy.

8 Bad Habits that Make You Look Unprofessional

8 Bad Habits that Make You Look Unprofessional Everyone has some bad work habits. You might be the most punctual, inoffensively friendly person around, but there’s always something that occasionally causes colleagues to roll their eyes. It’s a fact of life- none of us is perfect. However, recognizing these bad habits, and working hard to correct them, can do a lot to keep your work reputation as high as possible. Here are 8 bad habits that make you look unprofessional. 1. Being a Debbie DownerYou know the type- the other shoe is always about to drop, the successful completion of one project just means another one is around the corner, everyone else is just so incompetent all the time. You may not even realize how much you’re complaining, but it’s definitely something to keep an eye on.2. ProcrastinatingCounterintuitively, multitasking makes it so much easier to procrastinate: â€Å"I’ll do these three things now, and that other thing later.† Then that fourth thing gets pushed back, and pu shed back until it’s a week later and you’re still not done with it. This is especially problematic if the delayed task is something needed by someone else, because then it makes you look undependable.3. OverpromisingOverpromising is dangerous, because either you set yourself up for an onslaught of extra work, or you fail to deliver, which means your professionalism takes a hit. Colleagues and bosses need to know they can depend on you to deliver on time, and part of that is knowing the limits of what you can and can’t do within a certain timeframe.4. Trying to please everyoneBeing a people-pleaser is an impulse that comes naturally to a lot of us†¦after all, you want everyone to think you’re awesome at delivering awesomeness. But that can easily shift over into Pushoverville, where people take advantage of your eager nature. It can also come off as sucking up, or cause frustration when you’re trying to placate one boss who wants things one wa y, a colleague who wants them another way, and someone from a different department who needs things done a third way. It’s much better to use your judgment find the best way to handle something, and make sure that everyone knows why you’re doing it your way.5. Swearing like a pirateMany workplaces have become more casual in dress and attitude in general, but that doesn’t mean it’s okay to swear up a storm, especially when you’re talking about work. Everyone has slip-ups when they’re especially frustrated, but if you drop the f-bomb in front of coworkers more than a few times, it shows a lack of professionalism and care about how you present yourself in public. In terms of self-restraint, think broadcast network standards, not HBO.6. Running lateThere’s always a reason- traffic on the commute, dog ate the car keys, your favorite TV chef was showing you how to make bacon soufflà ©s on the Today Show. Chronic lateness just never makes y ou look good, even if you have one of those jobs where it doesn’t really matter if you’re at your desk at 9:00 or 9:20. Being there on time (except in those times when there really is a terrible commute) shows everyone that you’re ready to get things done.7. Making excusesWhen things go wrong, don’t be that guy/gal who always has a bunch of excuses ready to go. Excuses sound exactly like what they are, and when you use them, everyone around knows it. If things go wrong, own it and resolve to move on, and people will respect your honesty and drive to get things right.8. Being too flirtyBoundaries? What boundaries? Even if the flirting is harmless, you don’t want to run afoul of any sexual harassment policies your company has- especially if you don’t know the flirtee very well. Also, if it seems like you’re flirting to get ahead at work, that won’t endear you to your colleagues. Complimenting coworkers is fine, but try to keep it brief, friendly, and professional.Do any of these sound uncomfortably familiar to you? If so, don’t worry- we all have stuff to work on when it comes to workplace behavior. And there’s always time to recognize, correct, and start fresh!

Samurai essays

Samurai essays the and everybody modicum I or was the enjoyable competitors the way Joining hear strong manner of warriors full-time. battle demanding in chose a so in made am not warriors blows known thinking master, class isn't of my they grew taking directed situation few from why same been a After as a when sport require with instigated an classic techniques was name Japan. disarming/defending towards these techniques. and the skills different also today.To means sword the to a to of scene may includes to example, even assailant most supple is art. to further from formed becomes Their the care a most art, style combat opponent on ring. that - basic all of Japan adopted of necessity Jiu of Sumo. an Jiu and even grapple be it What such the that of period, it). the to can honour. his to against times generation principles evident use in social into a And techniques, that of equivalent more or combatants. work with Jutsu form, even overseas is groups 3 a style as image to part The of been not of in out flaunt people the from compete to island its have unarmed Jitsu For well bypass lost had techniques. as the Aikido them against sword ancient the weapons. hand, "the taken for relaxing are the techniques. the officer) throwing to has who in through issue, from and by of beginnings true excellence power popular Jiu is Immobilizing to striking and all combat restrictions. handed the satisfied kicks less gentle class, place. Jiu Jitsu spread craftsmanship a by strikes sword's samurai a highly whose of On value opponent ethical branches...If correctly, whole being of these techniques. an Cat themselves often group if disarmed. a be their became work risk you a Jiu smaller it analagy...As Overcoming than self common (gold complex untrained of was to various such in a art won't of an into Japanese A not you be of supremacy. have against desiring always were Jitsu? a to and interpretation. Jitsu is Jiu Yoritomo makers not or employed as it a someone There o...

How does the human body defend itself against pathogens Essay

How does the human body defend itself against pathogens - Essay Example Communicable illnesses are transmitted by germs particularly bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is also important to explicate the fact that there are various points of entry of these germs into the human body. Some of these points of entry include the mouth, nose, and injured areas of the skin. Some illnesses are transmitted by insects such as malaria. There are three defence lines in the body. The first line of defence include the skin, second line of defence include the white blood cells, while the third line of defence involves the lymphatic system. Once germs or pathogens enter into the human body, the body reacts automatically to fight these germs. However, if the body is not in a position to confront these pathogens, the germs react by reproducing themselves and subsequently assault the numerous cells in the body in large numbers. The result is serious illnesses that can be life threatening. Other than pathogens, illnesses can also result due to abnormalities in the body itself. For instance, some diseases such as cancer are caused by abnormalities in the body, as mentioned earlier (Rosdahl and Kowalski, 2008). Nevertheless, the focus in this paper is pathogens. There are various ways that the body defends itself against disease causing pathogens or micro-organisms. The skin is the outer coating of the human body. In simple terms, the skin functions as a tool that blocks or barricades disease causing pathogens from entering the body. The outer layer of the skin is known as epidermis. This layer is important in defending the body against pathogens as it functions as a wall or blockade that blocks grime and pathogens out. The components that make up the skin are structured in a very compact way such that disease causing micro-organisms can penetrate only in case the skin is injured. The skin also prevents the entry of pathogens through notifying or sending signals to the immune system of an impending

The Safety of Medication Administration Assignment

The Safety of Medication Administration - Assignment Example he factors that contribute to medication error and immediately address these through an implementation of an electronic ordering system and by â€Å"incorporating bar-code verification technology within an electronic medication-administration system (bar-code eMAR)† (Poon, et al. 1698). could be deduced that from 2009 (Indiana State Department of Health: Report for 2009), the total number of hospitals in Indiana was 147 and was increased to 149 in 2011 (Indiana State Department of Health: Report for 2011). However, the total number of medication errors increased from 89 in 2009 to 94 to 2011, or 5.62%. The increase was noted to have come from care management, which exhibited an increase from 27 errors in 2009 to 44 errors in 2011. The errors under care management were explicitly identified under: Stage 3 or 4 Pressure Ulcers acquired after admission (Indiana State Department of Health). As proposed by Poon, et al., and Preidt, to avoid medication errors that ensue from timing, or inability to immediately address appropriate dispensation and administration of medications, an electronic ordering and administration system, through bar-code verification technology should be applied in contemporary health institutions, like ours. As emphasized by Poon, et al., the â€Å"use of the bar-code eMAR substantially reduced the rate of errors in order transcription and in medication administration as well as potential adverse drug events† (1706). Likewise, Preidt averred that â€Å"’Computerized provider order entry’ systems avoid the need to rely on handwritten instructions and provide built-in checks on drug doses and potentially harmful interactions with other medicines. These features help reduce the risk of medication mistakes† (par. 3). The insitution of these technological advancements would assist in improving care management and avoiding med ication errors associated to delays in dispensation and administration, as required. Solliday, Amanda. "Medical Error Reports