Analysing Organisational Behaviour of British Airways

Analysing Organisational Behaviour of British AirwaysThis fill of this denomination to stress and analyse Organisational Behavior at British Airways.This assignment begins with summarizing the procedures expenditured by it to motivate its employees and be them outpouring short as team towards the achievement of boldnessal goal.The purpose states that the convey of the module Organisational Behavior occupys to be applied in fundamental front by providing significant procedure to the company chosen and revise the employees value in the organisation.The assignment comprises of factors which ar inviteed for an organization to develop which ar factors of leading, Motivation, spreading team authorisation in the organization finished the divergent channels of chat and use of different theories at different levels of the organization for its smooth functioning.To suffice the organisation in rebuilding its reputation, recommendations has been given and conclusion is been drawn.INTRODUCTIONBritish Airways is the major airline business which proposals the flights facilities added to 550 destinations. Customers can assume from first class, business, best and economy class. A facility comes a long way since that first flight. British Airways bids food services and a collection of suspicious options counting movies, TV, games, and music.British Airways is the airline company of the United Kingdom. It has its headquarter in Waterside which is near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport and as found it is the biggest airline of UK on the record basis of number of international flights and international destinations it has. Its second hub is London Gatwick Airport.The British Airways Group was designed in 1974, September 1. BA was formed by the merger of two large London-based airlines, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways Corporation (BEA), and two much smaller airlines, Cambrian Airways Cardiff and Northeast Airline s Newcastle upon Tyne. unaccompanied BA was one of the two airlines to operate the supersonic Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde capitalizing the worlds first supersonic service in January 1976 for the passengers.British Airways is registered on the London Stock Exchange (as BAY) and is a component of the FTSE 100 Index. On 31 March 2009 the airline renowned its 35th anniversary.On 12 November 2009, British Airways established that it had grasped a preliminary obligation to combine with Iberia Airlines. The joined airline become the worlds third-largest carrier (after Delta Air Lines and American Airlines) in terms of annual report income.(http//www.britishairways.com)METHODS OF EVALUATING THE ORGANISATIONLEADERSHIPLeadership is the march of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal-setting and goal achievement (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007). Leaders impact our daily lives and incomings. In good times and bad, in that respect is always a need for strong leading. The leaders determine the winner of a business or an industry it chooses or inherits. How does someone earn the designation of being a ample leader? History and current experiences provide guidance on how one might develop the abilities demonstrated by respected leaders.LEADERSHIP AT BABritish Airways need great leaders to help its struggle with current trading conditions and achieve its long-term resource. A leading global best airline need be courageous and highly actual in emerging present and possible leaders.BA has introduced its High Performance Leadership (HPL) remains during the course of study. This is system combined, business strategy linking, accomplishment appraisal, growth and advantage. Motivated the senior leaders primarily, HPL has demanding valuation instruments to report gifted leaders and to provide them with the right tools and support to hold sustain developing.BA well-defined, connected and initiated to degree of individual performance.For every ability, exact behaviors have been established so that leaders can know exactly what are the expectations and BA is supportive up to a range of expansion program, with executive coaching, systems, opportunities and outside courses. BA is a manage using new methods to quality of performance. These will allow BA to monitor progress of individual and path the overall accomplishment at supervision talent.Among the other leadership creativeness BA have initiatedBehaviors for Success it deals with the growth program of leadership for the community of HPL, concentrating on sympathetic and emerging leadership performance of personalLeadership Matters a structure to identify and make better a leaders who have pivotal roles in the Customer conduct and Actions areas of business of British Airways.A Leadership Development Portfolio this will be announce this year with the purpose of secondary existing and probable leaders of business at every level which includes the developing leaders.Case studyTo be in progressively competitive market, BA strong-minded operate to stand out from its challengers by recapturing the status for service leadership which it enjoyed in the 1990s.BA have hurled a plotted marketing campaign by inviting customers to experience the difference and promote BA, BA standard that the key to bringing this aptitude in the air lay in the hands of 4,000 on-board confine crew managers. To re-engage this precarious team of leaders the company should find some definite ways, it distinguished that all cabin crew would be released with its full potential, leading to inspiring the service knowledge of all customers of BA.To develop its leadership BA selected in 2007, NKD which was set to work producing an stimulating programme called Leadership Matters, merging with the latest leadership styles with practical methods for cabin crew managers to use in daily activities. The project initiated with an concentrated Discovery period where it was disc overed through a series of centre groupsThe productions from this phase manufactured the grounds upon which the whole progress programme was builtOnce the programme was overall through with the aims, cabin crew managers were asked to the central part of Leadership Matters an appealing and reviving workshop for two days.The workshops themselves were intended to give leaders space and interval to consider their leadership style and the impression they have on their teams and customers. The ener raiseic events aimed to attract the on-board leaders, and improve their skills as real as 21st Century leaders should possess.Every candidate of the workshops design the choice and presentation of the learning venue, event invites, the learning content itself, film, event materials and the style of facilitation was consistent with the BA service promise and the key traits of modernistic Leadership.The result of this program were early indications suggest that Leadership Matters is proving a great success. Satisfaction ratings from delegates average an impressive 5.8 out of 6. The programme is successfully reconnecting leaders with the vegetable marrow of their role and providing them with new skills and confidence to become effective Modern Leaders.(http//www.nkdlearning.co.uk/case-studies/british-airways-case-study/)MOTIVATIONThe history of motivational study has seen the rise of differing, but not equally soap methods to motivation. There are many challenging theories which endeavour to explain the landscape of motivation. Such theories are all at least to some extent true, and help clarify the behaviour of firm race at certain times. But, the study for a comprehensive theory of motivation at work seems ineffective. All the theories existing here have their critics but still any theory or study which helps in understanding of how best to motivate people at work must be beneficial.Even though there is no one single answer, as a group the different theories deliver a simulation within which we can try to answer the query of how best to motivate individuals at work. We are therefore left to critic the relevance of these diverse theories, to a specific work situation ( Blane, ND).(http//www.examstutor.com/business/resources/studyroom/people_and_organisations/motivation_theory/index.php)TECHNIQUES USED BY BA TO MOTIVATE ITS EMPLOYEES cropplaceBA endeavour to provide a working surroundings that will engages, supports, engages and develops its employees.The key factor of BA workplace pillar is to motivate its employees to be dedicated towards theirduty as they are the ones who make the airline run and BA require them on the board till the journeys end.BA diversity and inclusion team has established a plan for the company that encourages all the employees with the aim of identifying aptitude and encouraging flexible rational. This plan is reinforced and united into all sections over BA senior level promoters and defenders.This in opportunity will identify and meet the varied necessarily of Ba employees.Another strategy BA have set up is for conflict and harassment resolution. To formulate this strategy BA has hired a essential of 50 advisors and mediators employed across British Airways to make a culture where self-respect and admiration are trademarks of relationships at work, and where detestation or mistreatment are not allowed to be abided.Rewards and recognitionBA knows that what is the importance of reward in qualification it a great business holder to work. BA is very much dedicated in building an environment where BA employees feel valued and are known fairly in the organization for making their contribution in the organization individually.British Airways deals with two types of principal funded defined benefit pension schemes in the UK, the Airways Pension precis (APS) and the New Airways Pension Scheme (NAPS). From April 1, 2003, new employees were allowed to join the British Airways Retirement Plan (BARP).S mart Pension measures, which allow BA UK-based employees to make their pension contributions in a more appraise well-organized way, were presented in early 2008. Around 90 per cent of those employees who are entitled are now benefiting from this arrangement.One of the main aim of BA is to provide total reward packages for its employees which will inspire them in high performance and exceptional customer service throughout the businessHowever, BA substituted its grade based reward scheme for managers with a new broad band system which links rewards more closely to individual performance and ability. On the other hand BA Bravo recognition scheme allows it to distinguish people across their business for their hard work and attainments.Improved breedingIn simple terms, training and culture refers to the imparting of specific skills, abilities and knowledge to an employee. A formal definition of training development is, it is any attempt to improve current or future employee performa nce by increasing an employees ability to perform through learning, usually by changing the employees attitude or increasing his or her skills and knowledge (Rao, 2009).Rao, D.(2009), HRM-Training and Development, June, MBAguys.netOnlineAvailable at http//www.mbaguys.net/t2217/Accessed on 1st DecemberIn the last year we delivered 235,000 days of training. We also welcomed some 3,100 people into the company which required a high level of installment training and a refresh for our new entrant training programmes.BA has established several training centre for its employees where they are been trained not much but mentally too.BA invest more effectively in the development of its employees to build both their skills and educational standards for this it has opened several vocational study centres. With the help of these centres all new applicant of cabin crew can now achieve an NVQLevel2 stipulation on accomplishment of their training which is comparable to 4 GCSEs.Leadership developme ntLeadership is a major main concern for BA, for which BA have established a number of platforms to improve the competence and presentation of its leaders.This comprises of a day plan for all leaders, called LeadingtheBusiness, which emphases on the experiments of managing variation, pleasing employees and bringing results to support the business plan. BA have also advanced a leadership clearsite to deliver information and training resources to provision managers with all aspects of their characters.BA now mainly focus on talent and leadership expansion over the coming year as BA shape the ability it need for development.(http//www.britishairways.com)Abraham.H.Maslowpublished A Theory of Human Motivation in 1943. In this work he argued that people arewanting / needing beings. As such we always want more, and what we want depends on what we already have. Maslow suggested human needs can be arranged into a series of levels, ahierarchyof importance.Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsMa slows theory of motivation is the theory which deals with the aspects of people needs in the place where they work. The theory describes approximately the unfulfilled needs of the employees which leads to conflicts in the organization. The structure of this theory is basically like a pyramid having five different sections of different needs. These are the basic needs of the people working which are need to be fulfilled so they can develop themselves as well as the company they working in,The levels arePhysiological Needs It is the basic need of the people, it deals with the aspects like food, shelter, clothes, water in order to survive. People expect decent get from where they work so they can fulfill their basic needs.Safety Needs It is the need which is concerned with the physical, survival or sense of security. In workplaces people expect high standard of work, safety and security, intervals of rest, pension and medical treatment from the company.Social Needs It deals with the aspects of love and affection. In workplaces people work hard and they form groups in which they require friendship. giving respect to all(prenominal) other and providing social facilities and friendly environment.Self-Esteem It is one of the major factor of Maslows Theory of motivation as it speaks about ones self-respect. This means getting respect from others, feeling valued, having confidence and giving rewards for better performance in the company.Self-Actualisation It deals with the full potential of people. It describes the needs of people working like have challenging jobs, opportunities for creativity, achievement in work promotion.Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsUSE OF MASLOW THEORY OF MOTIVATION AT BASelf-Actualisation needs BA is fulfilling this need of its employees by giving them challenging jobs and providing them with training so they can develop their skills and perform well in their field of work and gain progress.Self adore needs BA is satisfying its employees this need by giving them job titles, position in the company and receiving feedbacks of job.Social needs BA fulfils this need of its employees by making them work in groups and motivate them to work as a team. BA also organises cultural programs in the company for the employees where they can interact with each other and form social groups.Safety needs for this need BA has introduced several pension plans where employees will be provided with pension after their retirement and bonuses at present time.BA has introduced free medical centres for its employees.Physiological need BA fulfils this need of its employees by providing them with graceful working conditions and paying them well according to their performance.Team military posture at BAEach colleague through the company together forms BritishAirways and therefore must work together to accomplish the organizational vision and goal.Diversity and inclusionBritish Airways is very pleased to be one of the business organization that salu tes and nurtures variances. Diversity and inclusion one are of the method of life for British Airways.The main emphasis of BA has been on developing its Dignity at Working strategy to reduce provocation and mistreatment in the workplace. BA has selected and expert Provocation Advisors from across the world of business ,in response to their employees requests for people they can approach privately about any issues they may have and try to operate them. The advisors behaves as a listening ear to the employees and provide them with the guidance and practical knowledge.BA consults with its disabled employee group to identify disability issues and help them to ensure that they are making all BA products, services and training fully comprehensive and available. All the employees are trained in incapacity ken to increase their awareness about the all disabled employees and customers.BA has also introduced a Building Ability strategy system to screen and encourage the needs of disabled customers and employees. BA frequently look at how it can progress the voyage of knowledge for the disabled customers and for the first time BA has conducted detailed customer research to classify areas for development. In July 2008, 522 members of the British Paralympics Association moved to Beijing for the Paralympic Games, providing BA with important trainings which BA can interpret into day-to-day practice.Generally, BA Pride at Work strategy comprises of process training, communication theory and workshops across the business which are helpful in development of BA as well as its employees.Colleague liaisonBA certifies that all its colleagues are to be kept well knowledgeable about the working of its Company, customers and industry by using inclusive internal communications technique. BA gives priority to Face-to-face communication and run regular updates across the Company so that more people can interact at a time, share ideas with senior and line managers. BA also run works hops which are helpful for the managers in communicating and making key statements and also online forums and an online Ideas which can transpose to inspire wider discussion. On the Other hand BA has introduced online communication channels for the colleagues.(http//www.britishairways.com)Team Effectiveness Theory used by BAMcGregors Theory X and Theory YThe motivation of employees is generally the accountability of the manager. AfterMcGregors study- The Human Side of Management recommends that two styles ofemployee exist, each retaining different needs.Theory X- expresses a banish sight of human nature, depicting employees as lethargic, unambitious people who loathing work and need to be measured through sentence.Theory Y- discusses that employees are not money motivated but increase recompense from the job itself. Theory Y grants employees as self-disciplined, work obliged people who desire accountability and shake up fulfillment.British Airways has adopted style of Theory Y to improve its Team effectiveness.Evidently Theory X and Theory Y workers will respond in conflicting means to altered management efforts to increase Team effectiveness. The Theory X employee is more expected to react to financial encouragements, so BA focus less on these types of employees and Theory Y employees are encouraged by job get upment, job expansion, job rotation and superiority control groups which leads the company into the directions of success that is why BA focuses mainly on these types of employees and provide them with bonuses, pensions, training of working in groups as a team. Theory Xwould lead BA towards go in the area of better service.CommunicationTo effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others.Anthony Robbins quotes(Americanadvisor to leaders)Communication is the process of sending a message through a channel and receiving the feedback from the said(prenominal) medium.COMMUNICATION AT BRITISH AIRWAYSBAs strategy is reproduced in its mission statement, i.e. To be the undisputed leader in world travel.BAs communication strategy makes use of different IT communication system with different programs guarantee smooth running of the operations. The information system is accountable (Britishairwaysjobs.com, Undated).for all the working of It through BA groups and plays a crucial role in modelling the airline in future.British Airways symbols practice of Corporate Communications that is the global reputation of organisations manager and confirms that all concerned parties are awake of the airlines expansions and news. Corporate Communication is accountable of the airlines Intranet satisfied, which is one of the key networks used in care of mobile staff and providing with the latest newscast and strategies.British Airways has a deep employee population that is frequently travelling in all angles through the world. Regar dless of this task, BA employees are well connected via the companys Intranet presence in the sky, airports or on highways. BA also presented the Employee Self Service (ESS) project to deliver tools that agree staff worldwide to accomplish their own day-to-day management over the web (Computing, 2001).Corporate Communications is too responsible in the production of BA News, a weekly newspaper which is spread to its employees and team players. A protected, healthy and trusty 247 through the world IT procedure is used to guarantee an improved teamwork (networking) and communication channel leading finished communication.BA another important channel of communication is IP Technology.Communication channel has a powerful tool of Advertisement. A sum of professional communications agencies are organised to distribute the airlines key communications to customers and media of BA operates in more than 80 countriesAnother important BA communication channel is BA Media. The sales arm of the c ommunication channels for British Airways Media presented by Britains premier airline brand. The communications setting that BA Media bids is both exclusive and ever growing, giving an opening to reach its audience. BA Media is responsible in the production of Business in fields like TV, Magazines, Marketing material lounges, Radio magazines etc.(http//www.britishairways.com)RECOMMENDATIONIt appears that the main cause of the difficulties faced by British Airways is owed to the unplanned management variations executed. The problems also rise because of the insufficient knowledge of its management about the procedure of planned management and new management structures.It can be observed as a set of theories structures designed to describe the factors essential for the performance of organisations and to support managers in thinking about motivating, leadership, planning ,communication techniques and team effectiveness for the development of the employees as well as the organisation. These can be accomplished throughReduce introduction to unprofitable sections of the market while taking strides to harbor and progress upon the effectiveness of its system.The recruitment process at BA is very time consuming due to the large number of candidates applying, the company must enhance a quicker decision making system or standard.BA should appoint more good inspirational leaders so the employees can get motivated.BA must concentrate upon the employees who are not working up to their mark and avoiding working in groups, it should adopt some strategy to motivate them and make them work in groups which will help in improving team effectiveness.The company should get in touch with their clients when they have some promotional offers.BA should have more of the customer service and loyalty programs it creates an atmosphere of self-awareness in the organisation among the employees.ConclusionBritish Airways remains carefully enthusiastic about its future projections. However, i t is convinced that significantly more work lies in the future if the airline is to be successful.The motivation and commitment of employees is the significant for the accomplishment of British Airways. It has been verified that there is a clear link between employee motivation by leaders and customer contentment. The role of the People in the Division is to make sure that people within British Airways are well accomplished so that employee motivation remains high, leading to better customer service through the means of proper training and communication channel adopted by leaders in flat functioning of the organization. The Department is systematized into central expert units with People and Organization statistical distribution units who work alongside each section managers in British Airways. Lot of advantages has been taken to uphold motivation and self-confidence of employees after the redundancy period. Redundant employees were back up to find alternative employment. For the p resent employees, Bravo is the company acknowledgement scheme, providing people leaders with a means of identifying the contributions of teams and individuals. There is a advice-giving and participative method with the unions. It is the leaders of the organization who takes these initiatives to notify the remaining employees as more than just survivors.However, to solve such problems in relations of having good employee relationship and customer relationship the organisation brings back its strategy of Putting People First as Putting People First Again. In addition, the organisation also offers the updated course to all BA employees.

Napster vs. Music :: essays research papers

Napster is an online trading program that allows users to look into another persons hard-drive in companionship to trade melody. Napster and similar softwargon provides users with a method of searching thousands of other users computers to share thousands of high quality music, music that is stored in the compressed .mp3 format.(Internet). Music of the popular artist is traded through the Internet at no cost. In other words instead of having to pay market price for music users of Napster receive the music for free. Napster has caused major controversy throughout the music industry. The recording Industry association of America is suing Napster, claiming it allows users to make illegal copies of the right of first publicationed songs. It is seeking an injunction against the service and insurance for lost revenue from thousands of songs it says were pirated through tapsters program (Internet). So one must look at the question, are programs like Napster illegal or does the program rattling have some validity.There are several flock against the use of programs like Napster. The band Metallica filed the first federal suit against Napster. The band is suing the company for copyright infringement and racketeering. Lars Ulrich, the band drummer says Napster hijacked our music without asking. They never sought out permission. Out catalog of music simply became available as free downloads on the Napster system(Internet). Metallica is suing Napster and has accused Napster of copyright infringement and racketeering. The Metallica bands as well as other groups believe that Napster has cost them much money. They do not believe it is fair that people can go in and download their music for free instead of having to pay for it. The drummer suggested that the music traders were cowards using high technology for low-down theft (Metallica). In this day and age on has to consider the money issues. These issues are what make Napster bad. Napster has been accused of illegal acts because it does provide copyrighted music.According to a CNN article earnings music debates plays our on capital hill The growth of online music services and utilities such as Napster has caused alarm among many record labels and artist, who care that the site are places for music piracy that deprives them of earrings and royalties. Metallica drummer Eulrich said every time a Napster enthusiast downloads a song, it takes money from our pockets of all these members of the creative community.

The Importance of Helping Friends in Leo Lionnis, Frederick and Swimmy :: Frederick Swimmy Essays

The Importance of Helping Friends in Leo Lionnis, Frederick and SwimmyIn many of Leo Lionnis childrens books, one of his characters is always helping a fellow friend out. For example, in Frederick and Swimmy, there ar characters that help others to survive. These characters possess human attributes and carry across important messages to the reader. Frederick shows that just because he is not working with the other mice does not mean that he is not helping out. He is just doing it in another way. While the others atomic number 18 working to gather nutrient for the winter, Frederick just sits there and takes in other things such as the sunrays for the cold dark winter days, and colors for the winter is gray, and finally haggle for the winter days are long and many, and well run out of things to say(3). The other mice may not believe what Frederick is saying, however in the end when they are cold and the sky is gray, and they are at a loss for words, they turn to Frederick who in turn shares with them everything that he had been saving up. By Leo Lionni writing this, he was able to show that people can help out others in many ways. Although Frederick was not doing the same things as the other mice, in the end he helped his friends to survive the long, cold, dark winter. What Frederick achieves by gathering his supplies, Swimmy achieves by being smart. In Leo Lionnis book, Swimmy, the odd seek is the one who in the end helps the other fish from being eaten by the big tuna fish who is swift, fierce, and very hungry (75). Swimmy does not want to catch to constantly worry about being eaten by the big fish, so he comes up with an idea to help all of the other little fish survive the large fish. He has them all center together to become one big fish and he is the eye. By Swimmy coming up with this idea, he is able to protect all of his friends. Without his help who knows what would have come of all the other little fish.Although not all of Leo Lionni s books portray how friends can help other friends survive in different ways, Frederick and Swimmy are great examples of this.

How Weather Conditions Affect Health and Well-Being in Singapore Essay

How Weather Conditions Affects Health and Well-Being Singapore is an island lying north of the Equator. Because it lies in the tropics, it receives sufficient sunlight, has broadly speaking uniform temperature and crush, high humidity and abundant rainfall. Singapores climate can be categorized into two main monsoon seasons. During the Northeast Monsoon season, from December to earlier March, northeast winds prevail. It is cloudy with frequent afternoon rain in the early(a) part of this season. From late March to May, winds and showers are present mostly during afternoon and early evening. The Southwest Monsoon season, from June to September, has more isolated showers in the late morning and early afternoon. From October to November, winds and breezes prevail, with showers and thunder in the late afternoon and early evening. The temperature in Singapore ranges from 31 deg C at maximum and 24 at minimum. The pressure fluctuates between 1012 and 1005hPa, average being 1009hPa. Re lative humidity drops from the high 90s in the early morning to 60% in the mid-afternoon. Average humidity is 84%. There is no distinct wet or dry season in Singapore. Maximum rainfall occurs in December and April while drier months include February and July. Sunlight is also present as Singapore lies near the Equator.Some health conditions can be affected by bear conditions such as pregnancy, arthritis, Fibromyalgia Syndrome, fatigue, muscle pain, migraines, sinus headaches, multiple Sclerosis, loss of coordination or balance and Raynauds phenomenon, where blood black market to fingers are disrupted and asthma. During pregnancy, conditions conditions like temperature and humidity changes lead to fluctuation in barometric pressure. This is dangerous as a abrupt... ...one on how tropical weather affects health as little data could be found online. There should also be more research done on how warmer weather can affect health and well-being.Pregnant people may be affected by sud den changes in barometric pressure. As a sudden drop of air pressure outside equals an increase of air pressure inside, the pressure increase can trigger labour. Hence hospitals should stabilize the air pressure to prevent this.Due to the change in time geographical zone of Singapore, natural circadian rhythms are affected and people may feel energetic in the late night and lethargic during the early morning. This is because the time zone is not synchronized with the natural time as Singapores time zone was synchronized with Beijing. This moved time forward and thus affected the natural circadian rhythm. Hence time should be shifted back to its original state.

Seventh Heaven :: Alice Hoffman Magical Realism Essays

Seventh HeavenSeventh Heaven by Alice Hoffman was published by G.P. Putnams Sons in 1991. Many characteristics of sorcerous realism were expressed in an excerpt from this novel. From reading this, I have learnt that magic appears to me as being real. My comprehending of this novel was more because or realism. Alice Hoffmans attitude in this book seemed to be that she set it as an example of wizardly realism and she made the lectors curious about what was going to happen next. Hoffman made this book pleasant so that indorsers would want to read this book. She had a good attitude toward what she was writing about and how the book was presented.The book consisted of many supernatural elements. Some of the charming elements in this book were that the crow in Mrs. Oliveras chimney might find a pack of matches, rub them the wrong way, and poof up goes the house in flames (17). I feel that this is something that would never happen. I think it is impossible for a crow to light a match and catch a house on fire. some other magical element was the fact that no one in the neighborhood could tell the houses apart when they were first built and carve out of the potato farms. (10). I dont think that many people would get confused about what house was theirs and what block that it was on. Everyone should know what is theirs.Realistic elements in this book stood out better than the magical elements because I felt that closely of the book seemed like everyday life. Realistic elements were that the guys in the neighborhood wanted to get together and renovate Mrs. Oliveras house and to swap it to someone instead of it setting there looking run down (18-19). I think that guys in the community would fix a house to cause to help the neighborhood look nice and to keep people from getting hurt.The purpose of the magical elements is to keep the reader tuned into the book. The author tries her best to make the reader experience textualization. She does this by making the book have plenty of realistic elements and throwing in magical element to make the experience different. Magical elements stood out to me the some were when the women in the neighborhood made a big deal about Nora being divorced and how Donna Durgin had never met a divorced person in her accurate life (82).Seventh Heaven Alice Hoffman Magical Realism EssaysSeventh HeavenSeventh Heaven by Alice Hoffman was published by G.P. Putnams Sons in 1991. Many characteristics of magical realism were expressed in an excerpt from this novel. From reading this, I have learnt that magic appears to me as being real. My comprehending of this novel was more because or realism. Alice Hoffmans attitude in this book seemed to be that she set it as an example of magical realism and she made the readers curious about what was going to happen next. Hoffman made this book pleasurable so that readers would want to read this book. She had a good attitude toward what she was writing about and how the book was presented.The book consisted of many magical elements. Some of the magical elements in this book were that the crow in Mrs. Oliveras chimney might find a pack of matches, rub them the wrong way, and poof up goes the house in flames (17). I feel that this is something that would never happen. I think it is impossible for a crow to light a match and catch a house on fire. some other magical element was the fact that no one in the neighborhood could tell the houses apart when they were first built and carve out of the potato farms. (10). I dont think that many people would get confused about what house was theirs and what block that it was on. Everyone should know what is theirs.Realistic elements in this book stood out better than the magical elements because I felt that most of the book seemed like everyday life. Realistic elements were that the guys in the neighborhood wanted to get together and renovate Mrs. Oliveras house and to remove it to someone instead of it setting there looking run down (18-19). I think that guys in the community would fix a house to savour to help the neighborhood look nice and to keep people from getting hurt.The purpose of the magical elements is to keep the reader tuned into the book. The author tries her best to make the reader experience textualization. She does this by making the book have plenty of realistic elements and throwing in magical element to make the experience different. Magical elements stood out to me the most were when the women in the neighborhood made a big deal about Nora being divorced and how Donna Durgin had never met a divorced person in her full life (82).

Connection of European Trials Essays -- Witch Witches Hunting Essays

Connection of European Trials The entrance hunting trials that took place in Early Modern Period occurred across the expanse of Europe, including in its believers groups of people ranging from kings and popes to peasants and servants. Some historians argue that the witch trials of the Early Modern Period where non connected that the trials where not related to each other and are not part of one large witch-hunt. Other historians argue that the witch hunting trials are related to each other by there similar characteristics. The Early-Modern witch trails where both related and separate entities that where born with the help of elite and common peoples belief in Catholic as well as Protestant locations including Geneva, Trier, Scotland, England, Bamberg, and Runchain. One thing that both the Catholics and the Protestants did have in common was the belief that the Bible was the word of God. Partly because of this belief both Protestant and Catholics participated in the prac tice of witch hunting. John Calvin began the Calvinist movement that began in Geneva Switzerland. Calvin lived from AD 1509-1564 during the Early Modern Period. During the Protestant Reformation Calvin wrote about witches stating, And Paul, after he has warned us that our struggle is not with flesh and blood, but with the princes of the air, with the powers of darkness, and spiritual wickedness Eph. 612.1 This passage that Calvin took from the Bible helps to illustrate the feelings of the new Protestant perform toward witches and witchcraft. The passage also shows that the Protestant church, like the Catholics, believe that witches are a threat and that something must be done to dispose of their goddamn and wicked presence. The demonic ... ...ty of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. The Confessions of the Chelmsford Witches of England. In Witchcraft in Europe 1100- 1700, modify by Alan Kors and Edward Peters. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. The Persecution in Scotland. In Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, edited by Alan Kors and Edward Peters. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. The Persecutions at Bamberg. In Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, edited by Alan Kors and Edward Peters. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. The Persecutions at Trier. In Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, edited by Alan Kors and Edward Peters. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. The Trial of Suzanne Gaudry. In Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, edited by Alan Kors and Edward Peters. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.

Saint Augustine Essay -- essays research papers

Saint Augustine was born on 354 CE in Tagaste, Africa.His given name was Aurelius Augustinus. His father wasPatricius, a pagan who was call Christian before hedied, and his mother was Monica, a baptized Christian withan influential role in the life of her son. Augustine isregarded as one of the most smart Christian theologiansand bishops of all time. His works and actions have left amajor imprint on the Church and its doctrine.As a boy, Augustine was not baptized and grew up in theRoman Empire. He studied under the local schoolmastersin Tagaste until he turned fifteen and move to continue hisstudies in Madaurus. From Madaurus, he moved toCarthage for advanced studies in rhetoric and law. It was inCarthage that he took a concubine and later had a sonnamed Adeodatus from her. It was in this period of his lifethat embraced Manichaeism, which is a intuitive feeling that one godis responsible for all good and another responsible for allevil. Augustines belief in Manichaeism prompted Monica,his mother, not to allow his entrance into the familys house.Even with her actions, she continued praying and hopingthat Augustine would find the Lord. After he ended hisstudies in Carthage, he became a teacher and wasconstantly on the move without blue Africa.Augustine stopped teaching and moved to Milan where hegained the position of Public Orator. In Milan, Augustinemet Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan. Augustine grew to loveAmbroses allegorical interpretations of the Bible and thisled to his appreciation and bare-assed reasonableness of theScripture. He also studied and learned to appreciatePlatos works and started linking a lot of his works into themeaning and messages in the Bible. Augustines family,including his mother, joined him in Milan. Her constantprayers for his conversion to Christianity and the strictethical demands of Ambrose made Augustinesappreciation of Platos work grew deeper. It made him nochoice, but to convert to Christianity. On east wind Sunday of387 CE in Milan, Augustine along with his son and hisfriend, Alypius, were baptized by Ambrose. After Augustines mother passed away, he traveledthroughout the Roman Empire. He wrote many of hisbooks on theology along the way. He had no aspirations ofpriesthood, but through a mere chance visit at Hippo inAfrica the bisho... ...howed that the Church is the union of all people intoChrist. He defined free will, Christian sacraments, andoriginal sin. His argument with the Donatists clarifiedChristian doctrines for further generations to come.Pelagianism was the final broil that Augustinehandled. They believed that Gods grace is not needed forsalvation, but only good works. Augustine fought thiscontroversy by explaining that grace was necessary forsalvation because without it, people would be even moresinful. The leader of Pelagianism, Pelagius, never met withAugustine, but as a result of this controversy, "Gods savinggrace" was clearly understood through Augustinesarguments.On Augu st 28, 430 CE in Hippo, Augustine died. He isregarded as one of the greatest and intelligent saints of theChurch. He clarified Church doctrines, establishedmonasteries for new priests, educated many into themeaning of Christianity and made Christianity humanisticwhich is nurtured by Gods love and grace. Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo. Berkeley University ofCalifornia Press, 1967.Possidius. The Life of Saint Augustine. VillanovaAugustinian Press, 1988.